Modern Windermere is the sole modern descendant of Classical Windermere. It has remained pretty much unchanged since the time of rith Mărotł.
Diachronics
Phonological history
- ə > 0 after aspirated consonants and fricatives. This makes the voicing alternation in the Classical Wdm. spirants f and th phonemic.
- r > ɹ
- ł > ś, ş > ṣ
Grammatical history
- Aspect and trigger largely become derivational devices, cf. the development of PIE aspects and Semitic binyanim.
- Grammaticalization of conjugated auxiliaries, leading to a tense system.
Phonology
Consonants
|
Labial
|
Dental
|
Alveolar
|
Retroflex
|
Palatal
|
Velar
|
Uvular
|
Glottal
|
Nasal
|
m /m/
|
n /n/
|
|
|
|
ng /ŋ/
|
|
|
Plosive
|
unaspirated
|
b /p/
|
d /t/
|
|
|
|
g /k/
|
|
|
aspirated
|
p /pʰ/
|
t /tʰ/
|
|
|
|
c /kʰ/
|
|
' /ʔ/
|
Affricate
|
|
|
ts /ts/
|
|
tsy /tɕ/
|
|
|
|
Fricative
|
unvoiced
|
f /f/
|
th /θ/
|
s /s/
|
sh /ʂ/
|
sy /ɕ/
|
ch /x/
|
|
|
voiced
|
v /v/
|
dh /ð/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Resonant
|
w /w/
|
|
r /ɹ~ɻ/
|
y /j/
|
|
l /ʟ/
|
|
Vowels
Short vowels
|
Front
|
Central
|
Back
|
unrounded
|
rounded
|
Close
|
i /i/
|
ü /y/
|
|
u /u/
|
Mid
|
e /ɛ/
|
|
ă /ə/
|
o /ɔ/
|
Open
|
|
|
a /a/
|
|
|
Long vowels
|
Front
|
Central
|
Back
|
unrounded
|
rounded
|
Close
|
ie /e:/
|
üe /ø:/
|
|
ua /o:/
|
Mid
|
ea /ɛ:/
|
|
|
oa /ɔ:/
|
|
- Caveat: ir = ier, ur = uar, etc.
- [ɨ ʉ] are allophones of /i y/ after /ʂ ɹ/.
Vowels before /ʟ/
Stress
Stress is almost always final, but can be non-final in function words.
Morphology
Verbs
Praveen's last idea for Tigal: auxiliary-based
Auxiliaries
Tense auxiliaries
|
I |
thou |
he |
she |
it |
we (exc.) |
we (inc.) |
you (pl.) |
they
|
present
|
mor |
moł |
mon |
mos |
mot |
mots |
mob |
mong |
mam
|
preterite
|
chelăr |
chelăł |
chelăn |
chelăs |
chelăt |
chelăts |
chelăb |
chelăng |
chelăm
|
future
|
per |
perł |
pern |
pers |
pert |
perts |
perb |
perng |
perm
|
Syntax
AuxSVO or maybe AuxAVE if ergative
- Mor brits cde clăbüh te tsăgtsog.
- PRES-1SG speak about love and hate
- I speak of love and hate.'