Modern Windermere is the sole modern descendant of Classical Windermere, and the official language of Wen Dămea. It has remained pretty much unchanged since the time of rith Mărotł.
Diachronics
Phonological history
- ə > 0 after aspirated consonants and fricatives. This makes the voicing alternation in the Classical Wdm. spirants f and th phonemic.
- r > ɹ
- ł > ś, ş > ṣ
Grammatical history
- Aspect and trigger largely become derivational devices, cf. the development of PIE aspects and Semitic binyanim.
- Grammaticalization of conjugated auxiliaries, leading to a tense system.
Phonology
Consonants
|
Labial
|
Dental
|
Alveolar
|
Retroflex
|
Palatal
|
Velar
|
Uvular
|
Glottal
|
Nasal
|
m /m/
|
n /n/
|
|
|
|
ng /ŋ/
|
|
|
Plosive
|
unaspirated
|
b /p/
|
d /t/
|
|
|
|
g /k/
|
|
|
aspirated
|
p /pʰ/
|
t /tʰ/
|
|
|
|
c /kʰ/
|
|
' /ʔ/
|
Affricate
|
|
|
ts /ts/
|
|
tsy /tɕ/
|
|
|
|
Fricative
|
unvoiced
|
f /f/
|
th /θ/
|
s /s/
|
sh /ʂ/
|
sy /ɕ/
|
ch /x/
|
|
|
voiced
|
v /v/
|
dh /ð/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Resonant
|
w /w/
|
|
r /ɹ~ɻ/
|
y /j/
|
|
l /ʟ/
|
|
Vowels
Short vowels
|
Front
|
Central
|
Back
|
unrounded
|
rounded
|
Close
|
i /i/
|
ü /y/
|
|
u /u/
|
Mid
|
e /ɛ/
|
|
ă /ə/
|
o /ɔ/
|
Open
|
|
|
a /a/
|
|
|
Long vowels
|
Front
|
Central
|
Back
|
unrounded
|
rounded
|
Close
|
ie /e:/
|
üe /ø:/
|
|
ua /o:/
|
Mid
|
ea /ɛ:/
|
|
|
oa /ɔ:/
|
|
- Caveat: ir = ier, ur = uar, etc.
- [ɨ ʉ] are allophones of /i y/ after /ʂ ɹ/.
Vowels before /ʟ/
Stress
Stress is almost always final, but can be non-final in function words.
Morphology
Verbs
Praveen's last idea for Tigal: auxiliary-based
Auxiliaries
Tense auxiliaries
|
I |
thou |
he |
she |
it |
we (exc.) |
we (inc.) |
you (pl.) |
they
|
present
|
mor |
moł |
mon |
mos |
mot |
mots |
mob |
mong |
mam
|
preterite
|
chelăr |
chelăł |
chelăn |
chelăs |
chelăt |
chelăts |
chelăb |
chelăng |
chelăm
|
future
|
per |
perł |
pern |
pers |
pert |
perts |
perb |
perng |
perm
|
Syntax
AuxSVO or maybe AuxAVE if ergative
- Mor brits cde clăbüh te tsăgtsog.
- PRES-1SG speak about love and hate
- I speak of love and hate.'