Modern Windermere
Modern Windermere is the most dominant modern descendant of Classical Windermere, spoken all over Bjeheond and Fyxám and in much of Wen Dămea.
Todo
21 accents in Windermere?
Diachronics
Phonological history
- ə > 0 after aspirated consonants and fricatives. This makes the voicing alternation in the Classical Wdm. spirants f and th phonemic.
- r > ɹ in the Rhythoed dialect (Talman Windermere has an Icelandic/Philly accent and Rhythoed has a British RP-ish accent)
- l > ʟ in the Wen Dămea dialect
- ł > ś, ş > ṣ
Grammatical history
- Aspect largely becomes a derivational device, cf. the development of PIE aspects
- Grammaticalization of conjugated auxiliaries, leading to a tense system.
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | ||||||
Plosive | unaspirated | b /p~b/ | d /t~d/ | g /k~g/ | |||||
aspirated | p /pʰ~p/ | t /tʰ~t/ | c /kʰ~k/ | ' /ʔ/ | |||||
Affricate | ts /ts/ | tsy /tɕ/ | |||||||
Fricative | unvoiced | f /f/ | th /θ/ | s /s/ | sh /ʂ/ | sy /ɕ/ | ch /x/ | ||
voiced | v /v/ | dh /ð/ | |||||||
Resonant | w /w/ | r /ɹ~ɻ~r/ | y /j/ | l /ʟ~ɫ/ |
Vowels
|
|
- Caveat: ir = ier, ur = uar, etc.
- [ɨ ʉ] are allophones of /i y/ after /ʂ ɹ/.
The Rhythoed dialect
Rhythoed Windermere is non-rhotic: ir ür ur er or are pronounced /iə yə uə eə oə/. The stops b d g are actually voiced.
Vowels before /ʟ/
Stress
Stress is almost always final, but can be non-final in function words.
Morphology
Verbs
Praveen's last idea for Tigal: auxiliary-based
Auxiliaries
Tense auxiliaries
I | thou | he | she | it | we (exc.) | we (inc.) | you (pl.) | they | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present | mor | moł | mon | mos | mot | mots | mob | mong | mam |
preterite | chear | cheał | chean | chels | chelt | chelts | chelb | cheang | cheam |
future | per | perł | pern | pers | pert | perts | perb | perng | perm |
Emphatic auxiliaries: mor rie, moł łen, mon in ...
Syntax
AuxSVO
- Mor mi brits cdef clăbüh tef tsăgtsog.
- PRES-1SG LOC speak about-DEF love and-DEF hate
- I speak of love and hate.
- Mot fi rüech mi tsrin nef troas.
- PRES-it DEF bird LOC eat of-DEF seed
- The bird is eating a seed.