Themsarian/Verbal subparadigms

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Regular verbs

Subject affixes
Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex -īn, -ī(n)1-
nésain, -ai(n)1-
térein, -ei(n)1-
-dir, -dir-
nesádir, -adir-
terédir, -edir-
-mi, -mī-
nesámi, -amī-
terémi, -emī-
1.in - -vse, -vsi-
nesávse, -avsi-
terévse, -evsi-
-nse, -nsi-
nesánse, -ansi-
terénse, -ensi-
2 -yr, -yr-
-ar, -ar-
-er, -er-
-rse, -rsi-
nesárse, -arsi-
terérse, -ersi-
-lse, -lsi-
nesálse, -alsi-
terélse, -elsi-
3.m -ym, -m-
-am, -am-
-em, -em-
-ir, -iri-
-air, -airi-
-eir, -eiri-
-vi, -vi-
nesávi, -avi-
terévi, -evi-
3.f -is, -isi-
-ais, -aisi-
-eis, -eisi-
-ti, -ti-
nesáti, -ati-
teréti, -eti-
Imperfect
Add the yn- prefix to the present forms.
Preterite
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex -ýn, -ýn-
nesán, nesán-
terén, terén-
-mor, -mor-
nesámor, -amor-
terémor, -emor-
-mā, -mā-
nesámā, -amā-
terémā, -emā-
1.in - -tor, -tor-
nesátor, -ator-
terétor, -etor-
-tā, -tā-
nesátā, -atā-
terétā, -etā-
2 -ýr, -ýr-
nesár, nesár-
terér, terér-
-rith, -rith-
nesárith, -arith-
terérith, -erith-
-lis, -lis-
nesális, -alis-
terélis, -elis-
3.m -a, -am-
-ā, -ām-
-ea, -eam-
-arí, -aríe-
-ārí, -āríe
-earí, -earíe-
-aví, -avíe-
-āví, -āvíe
-eaví, -eavíe-
3.f -ar, -ar-
-ār, -ār
-ear, -ear-
-atí, -atíe-
-ātí, -ātíe
-eatí, -eatíe-
Future
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex -ḗn, -ḗn-
-ā́n, -ā́n-
-íen, -íen-
-ḗdir, -ēdir-
-ā́dir, -ādir-
-íedir, -iedir-
-ḗmi, -ēmī-
-ā́mi, -āmī-
-íemi, -iemī-
1.in - -ḗvse, -ēvsi-
-ā́vse, -āvsi-
-íevse, -ievsi-
-ḗnse, -ēnsi-
-ā́nse, -ānsi-
-íense, -iensi-
2 -ḗr, -ḗr-
-ā́r, -ā́r-
-íer, -íer-
-ḗrse, -ērsi-
-ā́rse, -ārsi-
-íerse, -iersi-
-ḗlse, -ēlsi-
-ā́lse, -ālsi-
-íelse, -ielsi-
3.m -ḗm, -ḗm-
-ā́m, -ā́m-
-íem, -íem-
-ḗri, -ḗri-
-ā́ri, -ā́ri-
-íeri, -íeri-
-ḗvi, -ēvi-
-ā́vi, -āvi-
-íevi, -ievi-
3.f -ḗsi, -ḗsi-
-ā́si, -ā́si-
-íesi, -íesi-
-ḗti, -ēti-
-ā́ti, -āti-
-íeti, -ieti-
Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex -ī́n, -ī́(n)1-
nesáin, nesái(n)1-
teréin, teréi(n)1-
-dír, -dír-
-adír, -adír-
-edír, -edír-
-mí, -mī́-
-amí, -amī́-
-emí, -emī́-
1.in - -vt, -vti-
-avt, -avti-
-evt, -evti-
-nt, -nti-
-ant, -anti-
-ent, -enti-
2 -t, -t-
-at, -at-
-et, -et-
-rt, -rti-
-art, -arti-
-ert, -erti-
-lt, -lti-
-alt, -alti-
-elt, -elti-
3.m -má, -mā́-
-amá, -amā́-
-emá, -emā́-
-irá, -irā́-
-ará, -arā́-
-erá, -erā́-
-ivá, -vā́-
-avá, -avā́-
-evá, -evā́-
3.f -isá, -isā́-
-asá, -asā́-
-esá, -esā́-
-itá, -itā́-
-atá, -atā́-
-etá, -etā́-
Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - -vs, -vs-
-avs, -avs-
-evs, -evs-
-ns, -ns-
-ans, -ans-
-ens, -ens-
2
-a, -a-
-e, -e-
-rs, -rs-
-ars, -ars-
-ers, -ers-
-ls, -ls-
-als, -als-
-els, -els-
Emphatic imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - -ḗvs, -ēvs-
-ā́vs, -ā́vs-
-íevs, -íevs-
-ḗns, -ēns-
-ā́ns, -ā́ns-
-íens, -íens-
2 -ḗ, -ḗ-
-ā́, -ā́-
-íe, -íe-
-ḗrs, -ḗrs-
-ā́rs, -ā́rs-
-íers, -íers-
-ḗls, -ḗls-
-ā́ls, -ā́ls-
-íels, -íels-
Non-finite forms
Present
participle
-́rylF, -rl-
nesárylF, nesárl-
terérylF, terérl-
Imperfect
participle
Prefix yn- to the present participle.
Preterite
participle
-nárylF, -nárl-
-anárylF, -anárl-
-enárylF, -enárl-
Future
participle
-ḗrylF, -ḗrl-
-ā́rylF, -ā́rl-
-íerylF, -íerl-
Infinitive -sM
nesásM
terésM
Supine -ēðM
-āðM
-ieðM

Semivowel stems

*j-stems

áubiī́ - attack, strike

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - áubivs áubins
2 áubi áubirs áubils


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áub áubidir áubima
1.in - áubivse áubinse
2 áubir áubirse áubilse
3/4.m áubi áubīr áubivi
3/4.f áubīs áubiti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubín áubisid áubimi
1.in - áubitar áubitā
2 áubír áubirith áubilith
3/4.m áubisa áubisrí áubisví
3/4.f áubisar áubistí


Future
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubī́n áubī́dir áubī́ma
1.in - áubī́vse áubī́nse
2 áubī́r áubī́rse áubī́lse
3/4.m áubī́ áubī́ri áubiī́vi
3/4.f áubī́s áubī́ti


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubiī́ áubirdá áubimir
1.in - áubivt áubint
2 áubit áubirt áubilt
3/4.m áubimá áubīrá áubiħá
3/4.f áubīsá áubitá

*w-stems

qervī́ - pack, condense

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - qéruvs qéruns
2 qéry qérurs qéruls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qér qérudir qéruma
1.in - qéruvse qérunse
2 qérur qérurse qérulse
3/4.m qéry qervir qéruvi
3/4.f qérvis qéruti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qerún qérusid qérumi
1.in - qérutar qérutā
2 qerúr qérurith qérulith
3/4.m qérusa qerusrí qerusví
3/4.f qérusar qerustí


Future
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qervḗn qervḗdir qervḗma
1.in - qervḗvse qervḗnse
2 qervḗr qervḗrse qervḗlse
3/4.m qervḗ qervḗri qervḗvi
3/4.f qervéis qervḗti


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qervī́ qerurdá qérumir
1.in - qéruvt qérunt
2 qérut qérurt qérult
3/4.m qerumá qervirá qeruħá
3/4.f qervisá qerutá

Labial obstruent stems

-vi, -vie- "dissimilates" to -ħi, -ħie-

duobī́ - to be assembled

Coronal obstruent stems

*t-, *d-, *tʰ-, *s-stems

{*t *d *tʰ *s}

  • > s / _t
  • > r / _d

qvothī́ - shout

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - qvóthyvs qvóthyns
2 qvóth qvóthyrs qvóthyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qvóthī qvórdir qvóthma
1.in - qvóthyvse qvóthynse
2 qvóthyr qvóthyrse qvóthylse
3/4.m qvóthe qvóthir qvóthvi
3/4.f qvóthis qvósti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qvothýn qvóssid qvóthmi
1.in - qvóstar qvóstā
2 qvothýr qvóthrith qvóthlith
3/4.m qvóssa qvosrí qvosví
3/4.f qvóssar qvostí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qvothī́ qvothyrdá qvóthmir
1.in - qvóthyvt qvóthynt
2 qvóthyt qvóthyrt qvóthylt
3/4.m qvoth qvothirá qvothħá
3/4.f qvothisá qvostá

*z-stems

fáerī́ - interlock, jam

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - fáéryvs fáéryns
2 fáér fáéryrs fáéryls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex fáérī fáérdir fáérma
1.in - fáéryvse fáérynse
2 fáéryr fáéryrse fáérylse
3/4.m fáére fáerir fáérvi
3/4.f fáéris fáésti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex fáerýn fáéssid fáérmi
1.in - fáéstar fáéstā
2 fáerýr fáérrith fáerlith
3/4.m fáéssa fáesrí fáesví
3/4.f fáéssar fáestí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex fáerī́ fáeryrdá fáérmir
1.in - fáéryvt fáérynt
2 fáeryt fáéryrt fáérylt
3/4.m fáer fáerirá fáerħá
3/4.f fáerisá fáestá

*ʒ-stems

néuzī́ - pound, stamp

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - néuryvs néuzyns
2 néuz néuzyrs néuzyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex néuzī néurdir néurma
1.in - néuryvse néuzynse
2 néuzyr néuzyrse néuzylse
3/4.m néuze néuzir néuzvi
3/4.f néuzis néusti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex néuzýn néussid néurmi
1.in - néustar néustā
2 néuzýr néurrith néurlith
3/4.m néussa néusrí néusví
3/4.f néussar néustí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex néuzī́ néuzyrdá néurmir
1.in - néuryvt néuzynt
2 néuzyt néuzyrt néuzylt
3/4.m néur néuzirá néurħá
3/4.f néuzisá néustá

*ç- and *ƶ-stems

{*ç, *ƶ}

  • > ch / _*C[+coronal +plosive]
  • > s / _*C[+coronal +fricative/affricate]
  • > [ː~] / _{, }
  • > th, ð otherwise

rȳthī́ - classify, categorize

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - rȳ̌thyvs rȳ̌thyns
2 rȳ̌th rȳ̌thyrs rȳ̌thyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex rȳ̌thī rȳ̌chdir rȳ̌thma
1.in - rȳ̌thyvse rȳ̌thynse
2 rȳ̌thyr rȳ̌thyrse rȳ̌thylse
3/4.m rȳ̌the rȳ̌thir rȳ̌thvi
3/4.f rȳ̌this rȳ̌chti


Past perchective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex rȳthýn rȳ̌ssid rȳ̌thmi
1.in - rȳ̌chtar rȳ̌ch
2 rȳthýr rȳ̌thrith rȳ̌thlith
3/4.m rȳ̌ssa srí sví
3/4.f rȳ̌ssar stí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex rȳthī́ rȳthyrdá rȳ̌thmir
1.in - rȳ̌thyvt rȳ̌thynt
2 rȳ̌thyt rȳ̌thyrt rȳ̌thylt
3/4.m rȳth rȳthirá rȳthħá
3/4.f rȳthisá chtá

Velar stems

C[+plosive, +velar] > ch / _d/t/ŧ
g > c / _C[-voiced]

uogī́ - err, miss

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - ǔogyvs ǔogyns
2 ǔog ǔogyrs ǔogyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ǔogī ǔochdir ǔogma
1.in - ǔogyvse ǔogynse
2 ǔogyr ǔogyrse ǔogylse
3/4.m ǔoge ǔogir ǔogvi
3/4.f ǔogis ǔochti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex uogýn ǔocsid ǔogmi
1.in - ǔochtar ǔoch
2 uogýr ǔogrith ǔoglith
3/4.m ǔocsa uocsrí uocsví
3/4.f ǔocsar uocstí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex uogī́ uogyrdá ǔogmir
1.in - ǔogyvt ǔogynt
2 ǔogyt ǔogyrt ǔogylt
3/4.m uog uogirá uogħá
3/4.f uogisá uoch

Guttural stems

Radical stems

*q-stems

*ʁ-stems

*qʰ-stems

*ʔ-stems

  • > [ː~] / V_CV
  • > [~ː] / V_CC

hēseī́ - feel, emote

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - hēsḗvs hēsḗns
2 hēsé hēsḗrs hēsḗls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēséī hēséddir hēsémma
1.in - hēsḗvse hēsḗnse
2 hēséyr hēsḗrse hēsḗlse
3/4.m hēsé hēséìr hēsévvi
3/4.f hēséìs hēsétti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēseýn hēséssid hēsémmi
1.in - hēséttar hēséttā
2 hēseýr hēsérrith hēséllith
3/4.m hēséssa hēsēsrí hēsēsví
3/4.f hēséssar hēsēstí


Future
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēseḗn hēseḗdir hēseḗma
1.in - hēseḗvse hēseḗnse
2 hēseḗr hēseḗrse hēseḗlse
3/4.m hēse hēseḗri hēseḗvi
3/4.f hḗseéis hḗseḗti


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēseī́ hēsērdá hēsémmir
1.in - hēsḗvt hēsḗnt
2 hēsḗt hēsḗrt hēsḗlt
3/4.m hēsemmá hēseìrá hēsēħá
3/4.f hēseìsá hēsettá

*{m, n, l, r}ʔ-stems

*{m, n, l, r}ʔ

  • > mp, {n, l, r}t
  • > m / _C[+labial +obstruent], {n, l, r} / _C[+coronal +obstruent]

híltī́ - imply, make transparent

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - híltyvs híltyns
2 hílt híltyrs híltyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex híltī híldir híltma
1.in - híltyvse híltynse
2 híltyr híltyrse híltylse
3/4.m hílte híltir híltvi
3/4.f híltis hílti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex híltýn hílsid híltmi
1.in - híltar híl
2 híltýr híltrith híltlith
3/4.m hílsa hílsrí hílsví
3/4.f hílsar hílstí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex híltī́ híltyrdá híltmir
1.in - híltyvt híltynt
2 híltyt híltyrt híltylt
3/4.m hílt híltirá híltħá
3/4.f híltisá híl

h-stems

*h

  • > [ː~] / V_C[+fricative]V
  • > [~ː] / V_C[otherwise]

bohī́ - measure

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - bō̌vs bō̌ns
2 bō̌ bō̌rs bō̌ls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex bóhī bō̌dir bō̌ma
1.in - bō̌vse bō̌nse
2 bóhyr bō̌rse bō̌lse
3/4.m bóhe bóhir bō̌vi
3/4.f bóhis bō̌ti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex bohýn ssid bō̌mi
1.in - bō̌tar bō̌
2 bohýr bō̌rith bō̌lith
3/4.m ssa srí sví
3/4.f ssar stí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex bohī́ bō̌rdá bō̌mir
1.in - bō̌vt bō̌nt
2 bō̌t bō̌rt bō̌lt
3/4.m bohirá ħá
3/4.f bohisá

*{m, n, l, r}h-stems

*{m, n, l, r}h

  • > mf, {n, l, r}th
  • > m / _C[+labial +obstruent], {n, l, r} / _C[+coronal +obstruent]


inthī́ - lie (be in a supine position)

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - ínthyvs ínthyns
2 ínth ínthyrs ínthyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ínthī índir ínthma
1.in - ínthyvse ínthynse
2 ínthyr ínthyrse ínthylse
3/4.m ínthe ínthir ínthvi
3/4.f ínthis ínti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex inthýn ínsid ínthmi
1.in - íntar ín
2 inthýr ínthrith ínthlith
3/4.m ínsa insrí insví
3/4.f ínsar instí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex inthī́ inthyrdá ínthmir
1.in - ínthyvt ínthynt
2 ínthyt ínthyrt ínthylt
3/4.m inth inthirá inthħá
3/4.f inthisá in

Irregular verbs

Suppletive verbs

Suppletive verbs have many monosyllabic forms; in order to compensate for the lack of tonal information other roots were grafted into their paradigms.

vā́cī́n - copula

The copula is highly suppletive. The present, future, jussive and the infinitives share the stem vā́c-, while the imperfect has the stem ynt- (< *ʔṇʔ-). (There is no preterite.) Note also the preterite endings in the imperfect tense.

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - vā́cyvs vā́cyns
2 vā́c vā́cyrs vā́cyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex (vā́cīn) (vā́chdir) (vā́cmi)
1.in - (vā́cyvse) (vā́cynse)
2 (vā́cyr) (vā́cyrse) (vā́cylse)
3/4.m (vā́ce) (vā́cir) (vā́cvi)
3/4.f (vā́cis) (vā́chti)


Present subjunctive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ávā́cīn ávā́chdir ávā́cmi
1.in - ávā́cyvse ávā́cynse
2 ávā́cyr ávā́cyrse ávā́cylse
3/4.m ávā́ce ávā́cir ávā́cvi
3/4.f ávā́cis ávā́chti


Imperfect
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex yntýn ýnsid ýntmā
1.in - ýntar ýntā
2 yntýr ýntrith ýntlith
3/4.m ýnta yntarí yntaví
3/4.f ýntar yntatí


Imperfect subjunctive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ēntýn ḕnsid ḕntmā
1.in - ḕntar ḕntā
2 ēntýr ḕntrith ḕntlith
3/4.m ḕnta ēntarí ēntaví
3/4.f ḕntar ēntatí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex vā́cī́n vā́chdír vā́c
1.in - vā́cyvt vā́cynt
2 vā́cyt vā́cyrt vā́cylt
3/4.m vā́c vā́cirá vā́cħá
3/4.f vā́cisá vā́ch

morī́ - 'exist'

Reduplicating stems

These verbs are reflexes of monosyllabic verbs whose stem originally consisted of consonant clusters with no vowel and was subsequently reduplicated to accommodate tonal patterns. They comprise a few irregular verbs.

Eliding stems