Upek

Upek (the Tsrovesh name, the native name is ɬˁã ŋǁ˞ʷi) is an in-universe conlang by Aoife Ní Fhlaithbheartaigh, notable for its large consonant inventory, inspired by Khoisan and Caucasian languages. It's spoken by gods/angels/elves in Méich Bhaonnáiqh.

Pronouns: pa, ta, ka = singular pha, tha, kha = dual ba, da, ga = paucal bha, dha, gha = plural ma, na, ŋa = collective

Phonology

Consonants

Upek has 1728 consonants:

{k g, kʰ, gʰ, x, ɣ, ɰ, ŋ, ŋʰ, k’, kx’, ˀg} x {prevelar, postvelar, phar'd uvular, rhoticized velar, rhoticized uvular} x {plain, labialized} = 120 sounds

{ʀ, ʀʰ} x {plain, lab'd} x {plain, r-colored, phar'd} = 12 sounds, total 132

{ħ, ʕ, ʔ, ʔˁ, ʜ, ʡ, h, ɦ, ʔʰ, ʔʰˁ, ʡʰ, ʡ’} x {plain, lab} = 24 sounds, total 156

{t, d, n, tʰ, dʰ, nʰ, θ, ð, ɬ, ɮ, tɬ, dɮ, nl, nlʰ, t', tθ', ˀd, ˀdɮ, tɬ', ˀdð, l, lʰ, flap, lateral flap} x {dental, alveolar, phar'd dental, phar'd alveolar, postalveolar, retroflex, phar'd retroflex, palatalized dental, pal'd alveolar} x {plain, labialized} = 9x24x2 = 432 sounds, total 588

{s, z, ts, dz, s', ts', ˀdz} x {alv, alv-pal, phar'd alv, sje} = 28 sounds, total 616

{r, rʰ, ř, řʰ} x {alv, phar'd alv, retro, phar'd retro} = 16 sounds total 632

{ɹ ɹʰ ɻ ɻʰ} = 4 sounds total 636

{m, p, b, ɸ, β, pʰ, bʰ, mʰ, p’, pɸ', ˀb} x {normal, labial} x {normal, palatal, pharyngeal, k̠p, k̟p, qpˁ} = 132, total 768

{t, d, n, tʰ, dʰ, nʰ, θ, ð, ɬ, ɮ, tɬ, dɮ, nl, nlʰ, t', tθ', ˀd, ˀdɮ, tɬ', ˀdð, l, lʰ, flap, lateral flap} x {linguolabial} = 24 total 792

clicks:

{dental, alveolar, fricated alveolar, retroflex, fricated retroflex, alveolar lateral, retroflex lateral, palatal} x {!, g!, !h, g!h, n!, n!h, voiceless n!, !ˀ} x {velar, uvular} x {normal, rounded, simultaneous labial, sim.labial+rounded} = 8x9x2x4 = 512,total 1304

affricated clicks: {dental, alveolar, fricated alveolar, retroflex, fricated retroflex, alveolar lateral, retroflex lateral, palatal} x {!, g!, n!, voiceless n!, !ˀ} x {velar affricate, uvular affricate} x {normal, rounded, simultaneous labial, sim.labial+rounded} = 8x5x2x4 = 320 total 1624

labial clicks: {labial, labiodental} x {!, g!, !h, g!h, n!, n!h, voiceless n!, !ˀ} x {velar, uvular} x {normal, labialized} = 2x8x2x2 = 64 total 1688

{labial, labiodental} x {!, g!, n!, voiceless n!, !ˀ} x {velar affricate, uvular affricate} x {normal, labialized} = 2x5x2x2 = 40 total 1728

Thus the complete consonant inventory is:

/ħ ʕ ʔ ʔˁ ʜ ʡ h ɦ ʔʰ ʔʰˁ ʡʰ ʡʼ ħʷ ʕʷ ʔʷ ʔˁʷ ʜʷ ʡʷ hʷ ɦʷ ʔʰʷ ʔʰˁʷ ʡʰʷ ʡʼʷ ʀʷ ʀʰʷ ʀʵʷ ʀʵʰʷ ʀˁʷ ʀˁʰʷ ʀ ʀʰ ʀʵ ʀʵʰ ʀˁ ʀˁʰ k̟ g̟ kʰ̟ gʰ̟ x̟ ɣ̟ ɰ̟ ŋ̟ ŋʰ̟ k’̟ kx’̟ ˀg̟ kʵ gʵ kʰʵ gʰʵ xʵ ɣʵ ɰʵ ŋʵ ŋʰʵ kʼʵ kxʼʵ ˀgʵ k̠ g̠ kʰ̠ gʰ̠ x̠ ɣ̠ ɰ̠ ŋ̠ ŋʰ̠ k’̠ kx’̠ ˀg̠ qʵ ɢʵ qʰʵ ɢʰʵ χʵ ʁʵ ʁ̞ʵ ɴʵ ɴʰʵ qʼʵ qχʼʵ ˀɢʵ qˁ ɢˁ qʰˁ ɢʰˁ χˁ ʁˁ ʁ̞ˁ ɴˁ ɴʰˁ qʼˁ qχʼˁ ˀɢˁ k̟ʷ g̟ʷ kʰ̟ʷ gʰ̟ʷ x̟ʷ ɣ̟ʷ ɰ̟ʷ ŋ̟ʷ ŋʰ̟ʷ k’̟ʷ kx’̟ʷ ˀg̟ʷ kʵʷ gʵʷ kʰʵʷ gʰʵʷ xʵʷ ɣʵʷ ɰʵʷ ŋʵʷ ŋʰʵʷ kʼʵʷ kxʼʵʷ ˀgʵʷ k̠ʷ g̠ʷ kʰ̠ʷ gʰ̠ʷ x̠ʷ ɣ̠ʷ ɰ̠ʷ ŋ̠ʷ ŋʰ̠ʷ k’̠ʷ kx’̠ʷ ˀg̠ʷ qʵʷ ɢʵʷ qʰʵʷ ɢʰʵʷ χʵʷ ʁʵʷ ʁ̞ʵʷ ɴʵʷ ɴʰʵʷ qʼʵʷ qχʼʵʷ ˀɢʵʷ qˁʷ ɢˁʷ qʰˁʷ ɢʰˁʷ χˁʷ ʁˁʷ ʁ̞ˁʷ ɴˁʷ ɴʰˁʷ qʼˁʷ qχʼˁʷ ˀɢˁʷ t̪ d̪ n̪ tʰ̪ dʰ̪ nʰ̪ θ̪ ð̪ ɬ̪ ɮ̪ tɬ̪ dɮ̪ nl̪ nlʰ̪ t'̪ tθ'̪ ˀd̪ ˀdɮ̪ tɬ'̪ ˀdð̪ l̪ lʰ̪ ɺ̪ ɾ̪ t d n tʰ dʰ nʰ θ ð ɬ ɮ tɬ dɮ nl nlʰ tʼ tθʼ ˀd ˀdɮ tɬʼ ˀdð l lʰ ɺ ɾ t̪ˁ d̪ˁ n̪ˁ tʰ̪ˁ dʰ̪ˁ nʰ̪ˁ θ̪ˁ ð̪ˁ ɬ̪ˁ ɮ̪ˁ tɬ̪ˁ dɮ̪ˁ nl̪ˁ nlʰ̪ˁ t'̪ˁ tθ'̪ˁ ˀd̪ˁ ˀdɮ̪ˁ tɬ'̪ˁ ˀdð̪ˁ l̪ˁ lʰ̪ˁ ɺ̪ˁ ɾ̪ˁ tˁ dˁ nˁ tʰˁ dʰˁ nʰˁ θˁ ðˁ ɬˁ ɮˁ tɬˁ dɮˁ nlˁ nlʰˁ tʼˁ tθʼˁ ˀdˁ ˀdɮˁ tɬʼˁ ˀdðˁ lˁ lʰˁ ɺˁ ɾˁ t̠ d̠ n̠ tʰ̠ dʰ̠ nʰ̠ θ̠ ð̠ ɬ̠ ɮ̠ tɬ̠ dɮ̠ nl̠ nlʰ̠ t'̠ tθ'̠ ˀd̠ ˀdɮ̠ tɬ'̠ ˀdð̠ l̠ lʰ̠ ɺ̠ ɾ̠ ʈ ɖ ɳ ʈʰ ɖʰ ɳʰ ʂ ʐ ꞎ ɮ˞ ʈꞎ ɖɮ˞ ɳɭ ɳɭʰ ʈʼ ʈʂʼ ˀɖ ˀɖʐ ʈꞎʼ ˀɖɮ˞ ɭ ɭʰ ɺ̢ ɽ ʈˁ ɖˁ ɳˁ ʈʰˁ ɖʰˁ ɳʰˁ ʂˁ ʐˁ ꞎˁ ɮ˞ˁ ʈꞎˁ ɖɮ˞ˁ ɳɭˁ ɳɭʰˁ ʈʼˁ ʈʂʼˁ ˀɖˁ ˀɖʐˁ ʈꞎʼˁ ˀɖɮ˞ˁ ɭˁ ɭʰˁ ɺ̢ˁ ɽˁ t̪ʲ d̪ʲ n̪ʲ tʰ̪ʲ dʰ̪ʲ nʰ̪ʲ θ̪ʲ ð̪ʲ ɬ̪ʲ ɮ̪ʲ tɬ̪ʲ dɮ̪ʲ nl̪ʲ nlʰ̪ʲ t'̪ʲ tθ'̪ʲ ˀd̪ʲ ˀdɮ̪ʲ tɬ'̪ʲ ˀdð̪ʲ l̪ʲ lʰ̪ʲ ɺ̪ʲ ɾ̪ʲ tʲ dʲ nʲ tʰʲ dʰʲ nʰʲ θʲ ðʲ ɬʲ ɮʲ tɬʲ dɮʲ nlʲ nlʰʲ tʼʲ tθʼʲ ˀdʲ ˀdɮʲ tɬʼʲ ˀdðʲ lʲ lʰʲ ɺʲ ɾʲ t̪ʷ d̪ʷ n̪ʷ tʰ̪ʷ dʰ̪ʷ nʰ̪ʷ θ̪ʷ ð̪ʷ ɬ̪ʷ ɮ̪ʷ tɬ̪ʷ dɮ̪ʷ nl̪ʷ nlʰ̪ʷ t'̪ʷ tθ'̪ʷ ˀd̪ʷ ˀdɮ̪ʷ tɬ'̪ʷ ˀdð̪ʷ l̪ʷ lʰ̪ʷ ɺ̪ʷ ɾ̪ʷ tʷ dʷ nʷ tʰʷ dʰʷ nʰʷ θʷ ðʷ ɬʷ ɮʷ tɬʷ dɮʷ nlʷ nlʰʷ tʼʷ tθʼʷ ˀdʷ ˀdɮʷ tɬʼʷ ˀdðʷ lʷ lʰʷ ɺʷ ɾʷ t̪ˁʷ d̪ˁʷ n̪ˁʷ tʰ̪ˁʷ dʰ̪ˁʷ nʰ̪ˁʷ θ̪ˁʷ ð̪ˁʷ ɬ̪ˁʷ ɮ̪ˁʷ tɬ̪ˁʷ dɮ̪ˁʷ nl̪ˁʷ nlʰ̪ˁʷ t'̪ˁʷ tθ'̪ˁʷ ˀd̪ˁʷ ˀdɮ̪ˁʷ tɬ'̪ˁʷ ˀdð̪ˁʷ l̪ˁʷ lʰ̪ˁʷ ɺ̪ˁʷ ɾ̪ˁʷ tˁʷ dˁʷ nˁʷ tʰˁʷ dʰˁʷ nʰˁʷ θˁʷ ðˁʷ ɬˁʷ ɮˁʷ tɬˁʷ dɮˁʷ nlˁʷ nlʰˁʷ tʼˁʷ tθʼˁʷ ˀdˁʷ ˀdɮˁʷ tɬʼˁʷ ˀdðˁʷ lˁʷ lʰˁʷ ɺˁʷ ɾˁʷ t̠ʷ d̠ʷ n̠ʷ tʰ̠ʷ dʰ̠ʷ nʰ̠ʷ θ̠ʷ ð̠ʷ ɬ̠ʷ ɮ̠ʷ tɬ̠ʷ dɮ̠ʷ nl̠ʷ nlʰ̠ʷ t'̠ʷ tθ'̠ʷ ˀd̠ʷ ˀdɮ̠ʷ tɬ'̠ʷ ˀdð̠ʷ l̠ʷ lʰ̠ʷ ɺ̠ʷ ɾ̠ʷ ʈʷ ɖʷ ɳʷ ʈʰʷ ɖʰʷ ɳʰʷ ʂʷ ʐʷ ꞎʷ ɮ˞ʷ ʈꞎʷ ɖɮ˞ʷ ɳɭʷ ɳɭʰʷ ʈʼʷ ʈʂʼʷ ˀɖʷ ˀɖʐʷ ʈꞎʼʷ ˀɖɮ˞ʷ ɭʷ ɭʰʷ ɺ̢ʷ ɽʷ ʈˁʷ ɖˁʷ ɳˁʷ ʈʰˁʷ ɖʰˁʷ ɳʰˁʷ ʂˁʷ ʐˁʷ ꞎˁʷ ɮ˞ˁʷ ʈꞎˁʷ ɖɮ˞ˁʷ ɳɭˁʷ ɳɭʰˁʷ ʈʼˁʷ ʈʂʼˁʷ ˀɖˁʷ ˀɖʐˁʷ ʈꞎʼˁʷ ˀɖɮ˞ˁʷ ɭˁʷ ɭʰˁʷ ɺ̢ˁʷ ɽˁʷ t̪ʲʷ d̪ʲʷ n̪ʲʷ tʰ̪ʲʷ dʰ̪ʲʷ nʰ̪ʲʷ θ̪ʲʷ ð̪ʲʷ ɬ̪ʲʷ ɮ̪ʲʷ tɬ̪ʲʷ dɮ̪ʲʷ nl̪ʲʷ nlʰ̪ʲʷ t'̪ʲʷ tθ'̪ʲʷ ˀd̪ʲʷ ˀdɮ̪ʲʷ tɬ'̪ʲʷ ˀdð̪ʲʷ l̪ʲʷ lʰ̪ʲʷ ɺ̪ʲʷ ɾ̪ʲʷ tʲʷ dʲʷ nʲʷ tʰʲʷ dʰʲʷ nʰʲʷ θʲʷ ðʲʷ ɬʲʷ ɮʲʷ tɬʲʷ dɮʲʷ nlʲʷ nlʰʲʷ tʼʲʷ tθʼʲʷ ˀdʲʷ ˀdɮʲʷ tɬʼʲʷ ˀdðʲʷ lʲʷ lʰʲʷ ɺʲʷ ɾʲʷ s z ts dz sʼ tsʼ ˀdz ɕ ʑ tɕ dʑ ɕʼ tɕʼ ˀdʑ sˁ zˁ tsˁ dzˁ s’ˁ ts’ˁ ˀdzˁ ɧ ɧ̬ kɧ gɧ̬ ɧʼ kɧʼ ˀgɧ̬ r rʰ r̝ r̝ʰ rˁ rˁʰ r̝ˁ r̝ˁʰ r˞ r˞ʰ r̝˞ r̝˞ʰ r˞ˁ r˞ˁʰ r̝˞ˁ r̝˞ˁʰ ɹ ɹʰ ɻ ɻʰ mʲʷ pʲʷ bʲʷ ɸʲʷ βʲʷ pʰʲʷ bʰʲʷ mʰʲʷ p’ʲʷ pɸ'ʲʷ ˀbʲʷ mˁʷ pˁʷ bˁʷ ɸˁʷ βˁʷ pʰˁʷ bʰˁʷ mʰˁʷ p’ˁʷ pɸ'ˁʷ ˀbˁʷ mʷ pʷ bʷ ɸʷ βʷ pʰʷ bʰʷ mʰʷ p’ʷ pɸ'ʷ ˀbʷ ŋ̠mʷ k̠pʷ g̠bʷ x̠ɸʷ ɣ̠βʷ k̠pʰʷ g̠bʰʷ ŋ̠mʰʷ k̠p’ʷ k̠pɸ'ʷ ˀg̠bʷ ŋ̟mʷ k̟pʷ g̟bʷ x̟ɸʷ ɣ̟βʷ k̟pʰʷ g̟bʰʷ ŋ̟mʰʷ k̟p’ʷ k̟pɸ'ʷ ˀg̟bʷ ɴmˁʷ qpˁʷ ɢbˁʷ χɸˁʷ ʁβˁʷ qpʰˁʷ ɢbʰˁʷ ɴmʰˁʷ qp’ˁʷ qpɸ'ˁʷ ˀɢbˁʷ mʲ pʲ bʲ ɸʲ βʲ pʰʲ bʰʲ mʰʲ p’ʲ pɸ'ʲ ˀbʲ mˁ pˁ bˁ ɸˁ βˁ pʰˁ bʰˁ mʰˁ p’ˁ pɸ'ˁ ˀbˁ m p b ɸ β pʰ bʰ mʰ p’ pɸ' ˀb ŋ̠m k̠p g̠b x̠ɸ ɣ̠β k̠pʰ g̠bʰ ŋ̠mʰ k̠p’ k̠pɸ' ˀg̠b ŋ̟m k̟p g̟b x̟ɸ ɣ̟β k̟pʰ g̟bʰ ŋ̟mʰ k̟p’ k̟pɸ' ˀg̟b ɴmˁ qpˁ ɢbˁ χɸˁ ʁβˁ qpʰˁ ɢbʰˁ ɴmʰˁ qp’ˁ qpɸ'ˁ ˀɢbˁ t̼ d̼ n̼ t̼ʰ d̼ʰ n̼ʰ θ̼ ð̼ ɬ̼ ɮ̼ t̼ɬ d̼ɮ n̼l̼ n̼l̼ʰ t̼ʼ t̼θ̼ʼ ˀd̼ ˀd̼ɮ̼ tɬ̼ʼ ˀd̼ð̼ l̼ l̼ʰ ɺ̼ ɾ̼ kǀ gǀ ŋǀ kǀʰ gǀʰ ŋǀʰ ʰŋǀ kǀˀ kǃ gǃ ŋǃ k!ʰ gǃʰ ŋǃʰ ʰŋǃ kǃˀ kǃˢ gǃˢ ŋǃˢ kǃˢʰ gǃˢʰ ŋǃˢʰ ʰŋǃˢ kǃˢˀ kǃ˞ gǃ˞ ŋǃ˞ kǃ˞ʰ gǃ˞ʰ ŋǃ˞ʰ ʰŋǃ˞ kǃ˞ˀ kǃᶳ gǃᶳ ŋǃᶳ kǃᶳʰ gǃᶳʰ ŋǃᶳʰ ʰŋǃᶳ kǃᶳˀ kǁ gǁ ŋǁ kǁʰ gǁʰ ŋǁʰ ʰŋǁ kǁˀ kǁ˞ gǁ˞ ŋǁ˞ kǁ˞ʰ gǁ˞ʰ ŋǁ˞ʰ ʰŋǁ˞ kǁ˞ˀ kǂ gǂ ŋǂ kǂʰ gǂʰ ŋǂʰ ʰŋǂ kǂˀ qǀ ɢǀ ɴǀ qǀʰ ɢǀʰ ɴǀʰ ʰɴǀ qǀˀ qǃ ɢǃ ɴǃ q!ʰ ɢǃʰ ɴǃʰ ʰɴǃ qǃˀ qǃˢ ɢǃˢ ɴǃˢ qǃˢʰ ɢǃˢʰ ɴǃˢʰ ʰɴǃˢ qǃˢˀ qǃ˞ ɢǃ˞ ɴǃ˞ qǃ˞ʰ ɢǃ˞ʰ ɴǃ˞ʰ ʰɴǃ˞ qǃ˞ˀ qǃᶳ ɢǃᶳ ɴǃᶳ qǃᶳʰ ɢǃᶳʰ ɴǃᶳʰ ʰɴǃᶳ qǃᶳˀ qǁ ɢǁ ɴǁ qǁʰ ɢǁʰ ɴǁʰ ʰɴǁ qǁˀ qǁ˞ ɢǁ˞ ɴǁ˞ qǁ˞ʰ ɢǁ˞ʰ ɴǁ˞ʰ ʰɴǁ˞ qǁ˞ˀ qǂ ɢǂ ɴǂ qǂʰ ɢǂʰ ɴǂʰ ʰɴǂ qǂˀ kǀʷ gǀʷ ŋǀʷ kǀʰʷ gǀʰʷ ŋǀʰʷ ʰŋǀʷ kǀˀʷ kǃʷ gǃʷ ŋǃʷ k!ʰʷ gǃʰʷ ŋǃʰʷ ʰŋǃʷ kǃˀʷ kǃˢʷ gǃˢʷ ŋǃˢʷ kǃˢʰʷ gǃˢʰʷ ŋǃˢʰʷ ʰŋǃˢʷ kǃˢˀʷ kǃ˞ʷ gǃ˞ʷ ŋǃ˞ʷ kǃ˞ʰʷ gǃ˞ʰʷ ŋǃ˞ʰʷ ʰŋǃ˞ʷ kǃ˞ˀʷ kǃᶳʷ gǃᶳʷ ŋǃᶳʷ kǃᶳʰʷ gǃᶳʰʷ ŋǃᶳʰʷ ʰŋǃᶳʷ kǃᶳˀʷ kǁʷ gǁʷ ŋǁʷ kǁʰʷ gǁʰʷ ŋǁʰʷ ʰŋǁʷ kǁˀʷ kǁ˞ʷ gǁ˞ʷ ŋǁ˞ʷ kǁ˞ʰʷ gǁ˞ʰʷ ŋǁ˞ʰʷ ʰŋǁ˞ʷ kǁ˞ˀ kǂʷ gǂʷ ŋǂʷ kǂʰʷ gǂʰʷ ŋǂʰʷ ʰŋǂʷ kǂˀʷ qǀʷ ɢǀʷ ɴǀʷ qǀʰʷ ɢǀʰʷ ɴǀʰʷ ʰɴǀʷ qǀˀʷ qǃʷ ɢǃʷ ɴǃʷ q!ʰʷ ɢǃʰʷ ɴǃʰʷ ʰɴǃʷ qǃˀʷ qǃˢʷ ɢǃˢʷ ɴǃˢʷ qǃˢʰʷ ɢǃˢʰʷ ɴǃˢʰʷ ʰɴǃˢʷ qǃˢˀʷ qǃ˞ʷ ɢǃ˞ʷ ɴǃ˞ʷ qǃ˞ʰʷ ɢǃ˞ʰʷ ɴǃ˞ʰʷ ʰɴǃ˞ʷ qǃ˞ˀʷ qǃᶳʷ ɢǃᶳʷ ɴǃᶳʷ qǃᶳʰʷ ɢǃᶳʰʷ ɴǃᶳʰʷ ʰɴǃᶳʷ qǃᶳˀʷ qǁʷ ɢǁʷ ɴǁʷ qǁʰʷ ɢǁʰʷ ɴǁʰʷ ʰɴǁʷ qǁˀʷ qǁ˞ʷ ɢǁ˞ʷ ɴǁ˞ʷ qǁ˞ʰʷ ɢǁ˞ʰʷ ɴǁ˞ʰʷ ʰɴǁ˞ʷ qǁ˞ˀʷ qǂʷ ɢǂʷ ɴǂʷ qǂʰʷ ɢǂʰʷ ɴǂʰʷ ʰɴǂʷ qǂˀʷ kǀᵝ gǀᵝ ŋǀᵝ kǀʰᵝ gǀʰᵝ ŋǀʰᵝ ʰŋǀᵝ kǀˀᵝ kǃᵝ gǃᵝ ŋǃᵝ k!ʰᵝ gǃʰᵝ ŋǃʰᵝ ʰŋǃᵝ kǃˀᵝ kǃˢᵝ gǃˢᵝ ŋǃˢᵝ kǃˢʰᵝ gǃˢʰᵝ ŋǃˢʰᵝ ʰŋǃˢᵝ kǃˢˀᵝ kǃ˞ᵝ gǃ˞ᵝ ŋǃ˞ᵝ kǃ˞ʰᵝ gǃ˞ʰᵝ ŋǃ˞ʰᵝ ʰŋǃ˞ᵝ kǃ˞ˀᵝ kǃᶳᵝ gǃᶳᵝ ŋǃᶳᵝ kǃᶳʰᵝ gǃᶳʰᵝ ŋǃᶳʰᵝ ʰŋǃᶳᵝ kǃᶳˀᵝ kǁᵝ gǁᵝ ŋǁᵝ kǁʰᵝ gǁʰᵝ ŋǁʰᵝ ʰŋǁᵝ kǁˀᵝ kǁ˞ᵝ gǁ˞ᵝ ŋǁ˞ᵝ kǁ˞ʰᵝ gǁ˞ʰᵝ ŋǁ˞ʰᵝ ʰŋǁ˞ᵝ kǁ˞ˀ kǂᵝ gǂᵝ ŋǂᵝ kǂʰᵝ gǂʰᵝ ŋǂʰᵝ ʰŋǂᵝ kǂˀᵝ qǀᵝ ɢǀᵝ ɴǀᵝ qǀʰᵝ ɢǀʰᵝ ɴǀʰᵝ ʰɴǀᵝ qǀˀᵝ qǃᵝ ɢǃᵝ ɴǃᵝ q!ʰᵝ ɢǃʰᵝ ɴǃʰᵝ ʰɴǃᵝ qǃˀᵝ qǃˢᵝ ɢǃˢᵝ ɴǃˢᵝ qǃˢʰᵝ ɢǃˢʰᵝ ɴǃˢʰᵝ ʰɴǃˢᵝ qǃˢˀᵝ qǃ˞ᵝ ɢǃ˞ᵝ ɴǃ˞ᵝ qǃ˞ʰᵝ ɢǃ˞ʰᵝ ɴǃ˞ʰᵝ ʰɴǃ˞ᵝ qǃ˞ˀᵝ qǃᶳᵝ ɢǃᶳᵝ ɴǃᶳᵝ qǃᶳʰᵝ ɢǃᶳʰᵝ ɴǃᶳʰᵝ ʰɴǃᶳᵝ qǃᶳˀᵝ qǁᵝ ɢǁᵝ ɴǁᵝ qǁʰᵝ ɢǁʰᵝ ɴǁʰᵝ ʰɴǁᵝ qǁˀᵝ qǁ˞ᵝ ɢǁ˞ᵝ ɴǁ˞ᵝ qǁ˞ʰᵝ ɢǁ˞ʰᵝ ɴǁ˞ʰᵝ ʰɴǁ˞ᵝ qǁ˞ˀ qǂᵝ ɢǂᵝ ɴǂᵝ qǂʰᵝ ɢǂʰᵝ ɴǂʰᵝ ʰɴǂᵝ qǂˀᵝ kǀʷᵝ gǀʷᵝ ŋǀʷᵝ kǀʰʷᵝ gǀʰʷᵝ ŋǀʰʷᵝ ʰŋǀʷᵝ kǀˀʷᵝ kǃʷᵝ gǃʷᵝ ŋǃʷᵝ k!ʰʷᵝ gǃʰʷᵝ ŋǃʰʷᵝ ʰŋǃʷᵝ kǃˀʷᵝ kǃˢʷᵝ gǃˢʷᵝ ŋǃˢʷᵝ kǃˢʰʷᵝ gǃˢʰʷᵝ ŋǃˢʰʷᵝ ʰŋǃˢʷᵝ kǃˢˀʷᵝ kǃ˞ʷᵝ gǃ˞ʷᵝ ŋǃ˞ʷᵝ kǃ˞ʰʷᵝ gǃ˞ʰʷᵝ ŋǃ˞ʰʷᵝ ʰŋǃ˞ʷᵝ kǃ˞ˀʷᵝ kǃᶳʷᵝ gǃᶳʷᵝ ŋǃᶳʷᵝ kǃᶳʰʷᵝ gǃᶳʰʷᵝ ŋǃᶳʰʷᵝ ʰŋǃᶳʷᵝ kǃᶳˀʷᵝ kǁʷᵝ gǁʷᵝ ŋǁʷᵝ kǁʰʷᵝ gǁʰʷᵝ ŋǁʰʷᵝ ʰŋǁʷᵝ kǁˀʷᵝ kǁ˞ʷᵝ gǁ˞ʷᵝ ŋǁ˞ʷᵝ kǁ˞ʰʷᵝ gǁ˞ʰʷᵝ ŋǁ˞ʰʷᵝ ʰŋǁ˞ʷᵝ kǁ˞ˀ kǂʷᵝ gǂʷᵝ ŋǂʷᵝ kǂʰʷᵝ gǂʰʷᵝ ŋǂʰʷᵝ ʰŋǂʷᵝ kǂˀʷᵝ qǀʷᵝ ɢǀʷᵝ ɴǀʷᵝ qǀʰʷᵝ ɢǀʰʷᵝ ɴǀʰʷᵝ ʰɴǀʷᵝ qǀˀʷᵝ qǃʷᵝ ɢǃʷᵝ ɴǃʷᵝ q!ʰʷᵝ ɢǃʰʷᵝ ɴǃʰʷᵝ ʰɴǃʷᵝ qǃˀʷᵝ qǃˢʷᵝ ɢǃˢʷᵝ ɴǃˢʷᵝ qǃˢʰʷᵝ ɢǃˢʰʷᵝ ɴǃˢʰʷᵝ ʰɴǃˢʷᵝ qǃˢˀʷᵝ qǃ˞ʷᵝ ɢǃ˞ʷᵝ ɴǃ˞ʷᵝ qǃ˞ʰʷᵝ ɢǃ˞ʰʷᵝ ɴǃ˞ʰʷᵝ ʰɴǃ˞ʷᵝ qǃ˞ˀʷᵝ qǃᶳʷᵝ ɢǃᶳʷᵝ ɴǃᶳʷᵝ qǃᶳʰʷᵝ ɢǃᶳʰʷᵝ ɴǃᶳʰʷᵝ ʰɴǃᶳʷᵝ qǃᶳˀʷᵝ qǁʷᵝ ɢǁʷᵝ ɴǁʷᵝ qǁʰʷᵝ ɢǁʰʷᵝ ɴǁʰʷᵝ ʰɴǁʷᵝ qǁˀʷᵝ qǁ˞ʷᵝ ɢǁ˞ʷᵝ ɴǁ˞ʷᵝ qǁ˞ʰʷᵝ ɢǁ˞ʰʷᵝ ɴǁ˞ʰʷᵝ ʰɴǁ˞ʷᵝ qǁ˞ˀʷᵝ qǂʷᵝ ɢǂʷᵝ ɴǂʷᵝ qǂʰʷᵝ ɢǂʰʷᵝ ɴǂʰʷᵝ ʰɴǂʷᵝ qǂˀʷᵝ kxǀ gɣǀ ŋkxǀ ʰŋkxǀ kxǀˀ kxǃ gɣǃ ŋkxǃ ʰŋkxǃ kxǃˀ kxǃˢ gɣǃˢ ŋkxǃˢ ʰŋkxǃˢ kxǃˢˀ kxǃ˞ gɣǃ˞ ŋkxǃ˞ ʰŋkxǃ˞ kxǃ˞ˀ kxǃᶳ gɣǃᶳ ŋkxǃᶳ ʰŋkxǃᶳ kxǃᶳˀ kxǁ gɣǁ ŋkxǁ ʰŋkxǁ kxǁˀ kxǁ˞ gɣǁ˞ ŋkxǁ˞ ʰŋkxǁ˞ kxǁ˞ˀ kxǂ gɣǂ ŋkxǂ ʰŋkxǂ kxǂˀ qχǀ ɢʁǀ ɴqχǀ ʰɴqχǀ qχǀˀ qχǃ ɢʁǃ ɴqχǃ ʰɴqχǃ qχǃˀ qχǃˢ ɢʁǃˢ ɴqχǃˢ ʰɴqχǃˢ qχǃˢˀ qχǃ˞ ɢʁǃ˞ ɴqχǃ˞ ʰɴqχǃ˞ qχǃ˞ˀ qχǃᶳ ɢʁǃᶳ ɴqχǃᶳ ʰɴqχǃᶳ qχǃᶳˀ qχǁ ɢʁǁ ɴqχǁ ʰɴqχǁ qχǁˀ qχǁ˞ ɢʁǁ˞ ɴqχǁ˞ ʰɴqχǁ˞ qχǁ˞ˀ qχǂ ɢʁǂ ɴqχǂ ʰɴqχǂ qχǂˀ kxǀʷ gɣǀʷ ŋkxǀʷ ʰŋkxǀʷ kxǀˀʷ kxǃʷ gɣǃʷ ŋkxǃʷ ʰŋkxǃʷ kxǃˀʷ kxǃˢʷ gɣǃˢʷ ŋkxǃˢʷ ʰŋkxǃˢʷ kxǃˢˀʷ kxǃ˞ʷ gɣǃ˞ʷ ŋkxǃ˞ʷ ʰŋkxǃ˞ʷ kxǃ˞ˀʷ kxǃᶳʷ gɣǃᶳʷ ŋkxǃᶳʷ ʰŋkxǃᶳʷ kxǃᶳˀʷ kxǁʷ gɣǁʷ ŋkxǁʷ ʰŋkxǁʷ kxǁˀʷ kxǁ˞ʷ gɣǁ˞ʷ ŋkxǁ˞ʷ ʰŋkxǁ˞ʷ kxǁ˞ˀʷ kxǂʷ gɣǂʷ ŋkxǂʷ ʰŋkxǂʷ kxǂˀʷ qχǀʷ ɢʁǀʷ ɴqχǀʷ ʰɴqχǀʷ qχǀˀʷ qχǃʷ ɢʁǃʷ ɴqχǃʷ ʰɴqχǃʷ qχǃˀʷ qχǃˢʷ ɢʁǃˢʷ ɴqχǃˢʷ ʰɴqχǃˢʷ qχǃˢˀʷ qχǃ˞ʷ ɢʁǃ˞ʷ ɴqχǃ˞ʷ ʰɴqχǃ˞ʷ qχǃ˞ˀʷ qχǃᶳʷ ɢʁǃᶳʷ ɴqχǃᶳʷ ʰɴqχǃᶳʷ qχǃᶳˀʷ qχǁʷ ɢʁǁʷ ɴqχǁʷ ʰɴqχǁʷ qχǁˀʷ qχǁ˞ʷ ɢʁǁ˞ʷ ɴqχǁ˞ʷ ʰɴqχǁ˞ʷ qχǁ˞ˀʷ qχǂʷ ɢʁǂʷ ɴqχǂʷ ʰɴqχǂʷ qχǂˀʷ kxǀᵝ gɣǀᵝ ŋkxǀᵝ ʰŋkxǀᵝ kxǀˀᵝ kxǃᵝ gɣǃᵝ ŋkxǃᵝ ʰŋkxǃᵝ kxǃˀᵝ kxǃˢᵝ gɣǃˢᵝ ŋkxǃˢᵝ ʰŋkxǃˢᵝ kxǃˢˀᵝ kxǃ˞ᵝ gɣǃ˞ᵝ ŋkxǃ˞ᵝ ʰŋkxǃ˞ᵝ kxǃ˞ˀᵝ kxǃᶳᵝ gɣǃᶳᵝ ŋkxǃᶳᵝ ʰŋkxǃᶳᵝ kxǃᶳˀᵝ kxǁᵝ gɣǁᵝ ŋkxǁᵝ ʰŋkxǁᵝ kxǁˀᵝ kxǁ˞ᵝ gɣǁ˞ᵝ ŋkxǁ˞ᵝ ʰŋkxǁ˞ᵝ kxǁ˞ˀᵝ kxǂᵝ gɣǂᵝ ŋkxǂᵝ ʰŋkxǂᵝ kxǂˀᵝ qχǀᵝ ɢʁǀᵝ ɴqχǀᵝ ʰɴqχǀᵝ qχǀˀᵝ qχǃᵝ ɢʁǃᵝ ɴqχǃᵝ ʰɴqχǃᵝ qχǃˀᵝ qχǃˢᵝ ɢʁǃˢᵝ ɴqχǃˢᵝ ʰɴqχǃˢᵝ qχǃˢˀᵝ qχǃ˞ᵝ ɢʁǃ˞ᵝ ɴqχǃ˞ᵝ ʰɴqχǃ˞ᵝ qχǃ˞ˀᵝ qχǃᶳᵝ ɢʁǃᶳᵝ ɴqχǃᶳᵝ ʰɴqχǃᶳᵝ qχǃᶳˀᵝ qχǁᵝ ɢʁǁᵝ ɴqχǁᵝ ʰɴqχǁᵝ qχǁˀᵝ qχǁ˞ᵝ ɢʁǁ˞ᵝ ɴqχǁ˞ᵝ ʰɴqχǁ˞ᵝ qχǁ˞ˀᵝ qχǂᵝ ɢʁǂᵝ ɴqχǂᵝ ʰɴqχǂᵝ qχǂˀᵝ kxǀʷᵝ gɣǀʷᵝ ŋkxǀʷᵝ ʰŋkxǀʷᵝ kxǀˀʷᵝ kxǃʷᵝ gɣǃʷᵝ ŋkxǃʷᵝ ʰŋkxǃʷᵝ kxǃˀʷᵝ kxǃˢʷᵝ gɣǃˢʷᵝ ŋkxǃˢʷᵝ ʰŋkxǃˢʷᵝ kxǃˢˀʷᵝ kxǃ˞ʷᵝ gɣǃ˞ʷᵝ ŋkxǃ˞ʷᵝ ʰŋkxǃ˞ʷᵝ kxǃ˞ˀʷᵝ kxǃᶳʷᵝ gɣǃᶳʷᵝ ŋkxǃᶳʷᵝ ʰŋkxǃᶳʷᵝ kxǃᶳˀʷᵝ kxǁʷᵝ gɣǁʷᵝ ŋkxǁʷᵝ ʰŋkxǁʷᵝ kxǁˀʷᵝ kxǁ˞ʷᵝ gɣǁ˞ʷᵝ ŋkxǁ˞ʷᵝ ʰŋkxǁ˞ʷᵝ kxǁ˞ˀʷᵝ kxǂʷᵝ gɣǂʷᵝ ŋkxǂʷᵝ ʰŋkxǂʷᵝ kxǂˀʷᵝ qχǀʷᵝ ɢʁǀʷᵝ ɴqχǀʷᵝ ʰɴqχǀʷᵝ qχǀˀʷᵝ qχǃʷᵝ ɢʁǃʷᵝ ɴqχǃʷᵝ ʰɴqχǃʷᵝ qχǃˀʷᵝ qχǃˢʷᵝ ɢʁǃˢʷᵝ ɴqχǃˢʷᵝ ʰɴqχǃˢʷᵝ qχǃˢˀʷᵝ qχǃ˞ʷᵝ ɢʁǃ˞ʷᵝ ɴqχǃ˞ʷᵝ ʰɴqχǃ˞ʷᵝ qχǃ˞ˀʷᵝ qχǃᶳʷᵝ ɢʁǃᶳʷᵝ ɴqχǃᶳʷᵝ ʰɴqχǃᶳʷᵝ qχǃᶳˀʷᵝ qχǁʷᵝ ɢʁǁʷᵝ ɴqχǁʷᵝ ʰɴqχǁʷᵝ qχǁˀʷᵝ qχǁ˞ʷᵝ ɢʁǁ˞ʷᵝ ɴqχǁ˞ʷᵝ ʰɴqχǁ˞ʷᵝ qχǁ˞ˀʷᵝ qχǂʷᵝ ɢʁǂʷᵝ ɴqχǂʷᵝ ʰɴqχǂʷᵝ qχǂˀʷᵝ kʘ gʘ ŋʘ kʘʰ gʘʰ ŋʘʰ ʰŋʘ kʘˀ kʘ̪ gʘ̪ ŋʘ̪ kʘ̪ʰ gʘ̪ʰ ŋʘ̪ʰ ʰŋʘ̪ kʘ̪ˀ qʘ ɢʘ ɴʘ qʘʰ ɢʘʰ ɴʘʰ ʰɴʘ qʘˀ qʘ̪ ɢʘ̪ ɴʘ̪ qʘ̪ʰ ɢʘ̪ʰ ɴʘ̪ʰ ʰɴʘ̪ qʘ̪ˀ kʘʷ gʘʷ ŋʘʷ kʘʰʷ gʘʰʷ ŋʘʰʷ ʰŋʘʷ kʘˀʷ kʘ̪ʷ gʘ̪ʷ ŋʘ̪ʷ kʘ̪ʰʷ gʘ̪ʰʷ ŋʘ̪ʰʷ ʰŋʘ̪ʷ kʘ̪ˀʷ qʘʷ ɢʘʷ ɴʘʷ qʘʰʷ ɢʘʰʷ ɴʘʰʷ ʰɴʘʷ qʘˀʷ qʘ̪ʷ ɢʘ̪ʷ ɴʘ̪ʷ qʘ̪ʰʷ ɢʘ̪ʰʷ ɴʘ̪ʰʷ ʰɴʘ̪ʷ qʘ̪ˀʷ kxʘ gɣʘ ŋkxʘ ʰŋkxʘ kxʘˀ kxʘ̪ gɣʘ̪ ŋkxʘ̪ ʰŋkxʘ̪ kxʘ̪ˀ qχʘ ɢʁʘ ɴqχʘ ʰɴqχʘ qχʘˀ qχʘ̪ ɢʁʘ̪ ɴqχʘ̪ ʰɴqχʘ̪ qχʘ̪ˀ kxʘʷ gɣʘʷ ŋkxʘʷ ʰŋkxʘʷ kxʘˀʷ kxʘ̪ʷ gɣʘ̪ʷ ŋkxʘ̪ʷ ʰŋkxʘ̪ʷ kxʘ̪ˀʷ qχʘʷ ɢʁʘʷ ɴqχʘʷ ʰɴqχʘʷ qχʘˀʷ qχʘ̪ʷ ɢʁʘ̪ʷ ɴqχʘ̪ʷ ʰɴqχʘ̪ʷ qχʘ̪ˀʷ/

Vowels

Uuek has 10 vowels /a e i o u ã ẽ ĩ õ ũ/.

Morphology

Upek is an analytic language. Most morphemes are CV and monosyllabic.

Syntactically, Upek is a relex of Biblical Hebrew.

Monoconsonantal roots with vowel ablaut?

• pa3al: ã
• pi3el: ẽ
• nif3al: ũ
• hif3il: ĩ
• nuf3al: u
• pu3al: õ
• hitpa3el: e
• po3al: o
• hishtaf3el: i
• function words, prepositions etc: a

Lexicon

There is some Semitic influence on the lexicon as well, such as the word for language, ɬˁã, inspired by *lišān- and the classical Arabic ض.