Proto-Hlou-Shum

Proto-Talsmic phonology

Proto-Talsmic reconstructed consonants
		Labial	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		*m	*n
Plosive	voiceless	*p	*t	*ƛ /tɬ/		*k	*q	*ʔ
	voiced	*b	*d	*λ /dɮ/		*g
	aspirated	*pʰ	*tʰ	*ƛʰ /tɬʰ/		*kʰ	*qʰ
Fricative	voiceless		*s	*ł /ɬ/				*h
Fricative	voiced		*z	*ḽ			*ʁ
Approximant		*w		*l	*j		*ʁ
Trill			*r

*ph *th *ƛh *kh *qh > resp. aspirates
First spirantization:
*qʰ > *χ

*pʰ > *f
Radicalization:
*q > *ʡ

*χ > *ħ
Assimilation of dentals:
*ts *tʰs > *ss

*dz *tʰz > *zz > later *z

*ƛs > *ƛʰ

*ƛz > *λ
Some cluster changes:
*tk > *kt

*tp *db *kp *gb > *tw *dw *kw *gw (should be earlier than PTal?)

*kt *łt *kþ > *xt

*pþ > *ps

*ʡt > *ħt
Second spirantization:
*tʰ > *þ

*kʰ > *x

*ƛʰ > *ł
ʔC > C[+long]
Cʔ, Ch > Ce usually
*mʔ *nʔ *lʔ *rʔ > also *mp *nt *lt *rt (especially in function morphemes)

*mh *nh *lh *rh > also *nf *nþ *lþ *rþ
Loss of laterals (nearly unique to Themsarian?):
*ƛ > *ŧ /ts/

*ł > *þ

*λ > *l, *λλ > *ld

*ḽ > *ð, *ḽḽ > *lð
Rhotacization:
*z > *r / _C[+voiced]

*dl > *rl
Epenthetic vowels are added:
CC[+resonant]# > CyC[+resonant]# and in many functional morphemes.

*ʁ / V_V, _C[+coronal] > *v /ʋˠ/ (a Themsarian-only sound change)

*ʁ otherwise > *ʕ
Loss of glottal stop:
- clitic *=ʔ becomes final downstep
- vowel contractions: (~ denotes *ʔ or *h)
- *a~ > ā
- *a~e, *ajV *a~i > ae
- *aj, a~ī > ai
- *a~o (*awV) *a~u > ao
- (*aw) > au
- *e~C > eaC
- *ej *ew *e~ī > ei
- *e~u *e~ū > ju, jū
- *ēj *ē~ > ie
- *i~C > ieC
- *o~C > oaC
- *o~i oj u~i uj > ȳ
- *o~ī > oi
- *ow > ū
- *u~C > uoC
- *u~ī > ui
*ʕ > *ħ
*w > *v
*vv, *zz > *wv *z

*bb *dd *gg > *mb *nd *ng; also *ʡʡ *ħħ > *ʡ *ħ, lengthening previous vowel
C[+radical] > *a / _#