Jakvalat
Introduction
Goals
To create an aesthetically pleasing, yet easily pronounceable (for me, anyways), language for the setting of a habitable alternative Venus.
Setting
The setting is a Venus with a thinner crust which enables convection of heat within the planet's core and, despite Venus' slower rotation, the subsequent generation of a magnetic field sufficient to prevent the loss of the planet's oceans.
Jakvala (Often called Common Venerian in English) is the predominant lingua franca spoken on Venus (Ja: Telku). It originated from the environs of the mercantile city of Suliriyaq on the continent of Jekhatramit.
Inspirations
Phonological inspirations were from English (my native language), Inuktitut and Quenya. The morphological inspirations will likely be primarily from Inuktitut and the Uralic languages.
Phonology
Orthography
| Native Script | Practical Orthography | IPA Value |
| ⟨o⟩ | ⟨p⟩ | /p/ |
| ⟨c⟩ | ⟨ph⟩ | /f/ |
| ⟨ɔ⟩ | ⟨m⟩ | /m/ |
| ⟨s⟩ | ⟨v⟩ | /ʋ/ |
| ⟨v⟩ | ⟨t⟩ | /t/ |
| ⟨ʌ⟩ | ⟨th⟩ | /θ/ |
| ⟨w⟩ | ⟨s⟩ | /s/ |
| ⟨ʍ⟩ | ⟨n⟩ | /n/ |
| ⟨z⟩ | ⟨l⟩ | /l/ |
| ⟨x⟩ | ⟨r⟩ | /ɹ/ |
| ⟨n⟩ | ⟨k⟩ | /k/ |
| ⟨u⟩ | ⟨kh⟩ | /x/ |
| ⟨m⟩ | ⟨q⟩ | /ŋ/ |
| ⟨ɯ⟩ | ⟨j⟩ | /j/ |
| ⟨h⟩ | ⟨i⟩ | /i/ |
| ⟨hh⟩ | ⟨ī⟩ | /eɪ/ |
| ⟨ɥ⟩ | ⟨e⟩ | /ɛ/ |
| ⟨ɥɥ⟩ | ⟨ē⟩ | /aɪ/ |
| ⟨b⟩ | ⟨u⟩ | /u/ |
| ⟨bb⟩ | ⟨ū⟩ | /oʊ/ |
| ⟨q⟩ | ⟨a⟩ | /ɑ/ |
| ⟨qq⟩ | ⟨ā⟩ | /ɑʊ/ |
NOTES:
1. The native alphabet was ultimately derived from an ancient featural abugida.
2. The practical orthography was devised by one the first terrestrial linguists to reach Venus. The Wilkins Orthography has since become the default scheme of romanisation for Yakvala.
3. The spelling of the practical and native orthographies are morphophonemic in that the spelling is phonemic but does change to reflect morphophonemic changes.
4. The following punctuation marks are in use in the native alphabet:
⟨.⟩ = short pause, equivalent to a comma or semi-colon. ⟨:⟩ = long pause, equivalent to a colon or full stop.
Punctuation marks occur immediately after the last word of a clause and never occur consecutively.
5. Any given word is separated from any following word by a space. There are no equivalents to parentheses, quotation marks, exclamation marks or questions marks.
Phoneme Inventory
Consonants
| Labial | Central Coronal | Lateral Coronal | Dorsal | |
| Plosive | /p/ | /t/ | /k/ | |
| Sibilant | /s/ | |||
| Spirant | /f/ | /θ/ | /x/ | |
| Nasal | /m/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ | |
| Liquid | /ɹ/ | /l/ | ||
| Semivowel | /ʋ/ | /j/ |
Notes:
1. All coronals are alveolar except /ɹ/ which is postalveolar.
2. Yakvala has 14 consonants which, according to the World Atlas of Language Structures, is a small inventory. The most notable features, according to WALs, are an initial velar nasal and the presence of a dental fricative.
Vowels
| Front Short | Front Long | Short Back | Long Back | |
| High | /i/ | /eɪ | /u/ | /oʊ/ |
| Low | /ɛ/ | /aɪ/ | /ɑ/ | /ɑʊ/ |
Notes:
1. The long vowels are phonetically diphthongs but are phonologically long vowels.
2. Yakvala has 4 vowel qualities which, according to WALS, is a small inventory. The consonant-vowel ratio is 3.5 which is an average ratio.
Allophony
1. /ɹ/ is realised as [ʃ] when in coda position before /p, t, k/.
2. /ʋ/ is realised as [w] when the second segment of a consonant cluster.
3. /ʋ/ is realised as [v] elsewhere.
4. The geminate consonant clusters /mm, nn, ŋŋ/ are realised as [mb, nd, ŋɡ].
5. The geminate consonant clusters /ll, ɹɹ/ are realised as [ld, ʒd].
6. /i, u/ are realised as [ɪ, ʊ] in closed syllables.
Phonotactics
1. Syllable template: CV(C).
2. Permitted syllable codas:
/p, t, k, s, m, n, ŋ, l, ɹ/.
3. /s, l, ɹ/ do not occur morpheme-finally.
4. Permitted Consonant Clusters:
| P | T | K | S | PH | TH | KH | M | N | Q | L | R | V | J | |
| P | - | - | - | ps | - | - | - | - | - | - | pl | pr | pv | pj |
| T | - | - | - | ts | - | - | - | - | - | - | tl | tr | tv | tj |
| K | - | - | - | ks | - | - | - | - | - | - | kl | kr | kv | kj |
| S | sp | st | sk | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | sl | sr | - | - |
| PH | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | phl | phr | - | - |
| TH | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | thl | thr | - | - |
| KH | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | khl | khr | - | - |
| M | mp | - | - | - | mph | - | - | mm | - | - | - | - | mv | - |
| N | - | nt | - | ns | - | nth | - | - | nn | - | nl | nr | - | - |
| Q | - | - | qk | - | - | - | qkh | - | - | - | - | qj | ||
| L | lp | lt | lk | - | - | - | '- | - | - | - | ll | - | - | - |
| R | rp | rt | rk | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | rr | - | - |
Notes:
a. The practical orthography is used here for clarity.
b. First segment of cluster runs along left of table.
c. Second segment of cluster runs along top of table.
6. No consonant cluster may have more than two segments.
7. Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries
8. Consecutive vowel sequences do not occur.
9. Long vowels do not occur in closed syllables.
10. Long vowels do not occur in morpheme-final position.
11. /i, eɪ/ may not occur after onset of /j/.
12. /u, oʊ/ may not occur after onset /ʋ/.
13. Long vowels may not occur before a semivowel onset.
14. Most native roots are disyllabic with monosyllabic roots being restricted to pronouns. Most particles are monosyllabic.
15. Roots, particles and prefixes must begin with a single consonant.
16. Suffixes may begin with a single consonant, a consonant cluster or a vowel.
Prosody
1. Primary stress falls on the first syllable of the root.
2. Secondary stress is borne on every odd-numbered syllable after the primary stress.
3. Rhythm type is trochaic.
Morphophonology
1. When two-segment consonant clusters result from affixation, they are treated as per the table below:
| P | T | K | S | PH | TH | KH | M | N | Q | L | R | V | J | |
| P | v̄p | v̄t | v̄k | ps | v̄ph | v̄th | v̄kh | mp | mp | mp | pl | pr | pv | pj |
| T | v̄p | v̄t | v̄k | ts | v̄ph | v̄th | v̄kh | nt | nt | nt | tl | tr | tv | tj |
| K | v̄p | v̄t | v̄k | ks | v̄ph | v̄th | v̄kh | qk | qk | qk | kl | kr | kv | kj |
| M | mp | nt | qk | ns | mph | nth | qkh | v̄m | v̄n | v̄q | nl | nr | mv | qj |
| N | mp | nt | qk | ns | mph | nth | qkh | v̄m | v̄n | v̄q | nl | nr | mv | qj |
| Q | mp | nt | qk | ns | mph | nth | qkh | v̄m | v̄n | v̄q | nl | nr | mv | qj |
Notes:
a. The practical orthography is used here for clarity.
b. First segment of cluster runs along left of table.
c. Second segment of cluster runs along top of table.
d. The notation v̄ indicates the preceding short vowel was lengthened.
2. If a three-segment consonant cluster results from affixation, then the first segment in that cluster is deleted and the two remaining consonants are treated as per the table above.
3. If a vowel sequence results from affixation, then an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted.
Morphology
Yakvala morphemes fall into the following classes:
1. Particles.
These do not bear any inflection, have little semantic content and comprise such things as temporal or locative adverbs, conjunctions, interjections and anything else that isn't a root.
2. Roots.
These do bear inflection and contain much of the semantic content of an utterance. Roots are divided into nouns and verbs. Nouns are further divided into animate and inanimate categories, verbs into transitive and intransitive categories.