Modern Phrygian

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Modern Phrygian (Native: βρουζ̌ικιά /vɾuʒiˈɟa/) is modern variety of the Phrygian language.

Modern Phrygian
τα βρουζ̌ικιά ξ̌ώσσα
Pronunciation[ta vɾuʒiˈɟ̊a ˈkʃosa]
Created byShariifka

Introduction

Etymology

Phonology

Orthography

Greek orthography

Alphabet
Letter Name IPA
Α α άλφα [ˈalfa]
Β β βέτα [ˈved̥a]
Γ γ γάμμα [ˈɣama]
Δ δ δέλτα [ˈðelda]
Ε ε ε [e]
Ζ ζ ζέτα [ˈzed̥a]
Ζ̌ ζ̌ ζ̌έτα [ˈʒed̥a]
Η η έτα [ˈed̥a]
Θ θ θέτα [ˈθed̥a]
Ι ι γιώτα [ˈʝod̥a]
Letter Name IPA
Κ κ κάππα [ˈkapa]
Λ λ λάμπδα [ˈlambða]
Μ μ μου [mu]
Ν ν νου [nu]
Ξ ξ ξι [ksi]
Ξ̌ ξ̌ ξ̌ι [kʃi]
Ο ο ο [o]
Π π πι [pi]
Ρ ρ ρο [ro]
Σ σ ς σίμα [ˈsima]
Letter Name IPA
Σ̌ σ̌ ς̌ σ̌ίμα [ˈʃima]
Τ τ ταύ [taf]
Υ υ ου [u]
Φ φ φι [fi]
Χ χ χι [çi]
Ψ ψ ψι [psi]
Ψ̌ ψ̌ ψ̌ι [pʃi]
Ω ω ωμέκα [oˈmeɡ̊a]
Consonants
Consonants
Letter Context IPA Examples Remarks
β everywhere [v]
γ before front vowels ([e] or [i]). [ʝ]
before velar consonants ([ɡ] or [x]) [ŋ] This occurs when the following consonant is ⟨ξ⟩, ⟨ξ̌⟩, or non-palatalized ⟨κ⟩ or ⟨χ⟩.
before palatal consonants ([ɟ] or [ç]) [ɲ] This occurs when the following consonant is palatalized ⟨κ⟩ or ⟨χ⟩.
everywhere else [ɣ]
γγ before front vowel [ɲ]
elsewhere [ŋ]
γι before vowels [ʝ]
γγι before vowels [ɲ]
δ everywhere [ð]
ει after a consonant and before a vowel [ʝ]
ζ everywhere [z]
ζ̌ everywhere [ʒ]
η after a consonant and before a vowel [ʝ]
θ everywhere [θ]
ι preceded by ⟨μ⟩ and followed by a vowel [ɲ]
preceded by an unvoiced consonant other than ⟨κ⟩ or ⟨χ⟩ and followed by a vowel [ç]
preceded by a voiced consonant other than ⟨γ⟩, ⟨λ⟩, ⟨μ⟩, or ⟨ν⟩ and followed by a vowel [ʝ]
κ after vowel or liquid and before front vowel ([e] or [i]). [ɟ̊]
after vowel or liquid otherwise [ɡ̊]
after nasal before front vowel [ɟ]
after nasal otherwise [ɡ]
before voiced obstruent [ɡ]
otherwise before front vowel [c]
everywhere else [k]
κκ before front vowel [c]
otherwise [k]
κι after vowel or liquid and before a vowel [ɟ̊]
after nasal before a vowel [ɟ]
otherwise before a vowel [c]
κκι before a vowel [c]
λ(λ) everywhere [l]
λ(λ)ι before a vowel [ʎ]
μ(μ) everywhere [m]
ν non-final [n]
final [-̃, ɰ̃] Nasalizes the preceding vowel.
νν everywhere [n]
ν(ν)ι before a vowel [ɲ]
ξ everywhere [ks]
ξ̌ everywhere [kʃ]
οι after a consonant and before a vowel [ʝ]
ου before a vowel [w]
π after vowel or liquid [b̥]
after nasal [b]
before voiced obstruent [b]
otherwise [p]
ππ everywhere [p]
ρ(ρ) everywhere [r ~ ɾ] In free variation.
σ(σ) everywhere [s]
τ after vowel or ⟨ρ⟩ [d̥]
after nasal or ⟨λ⟩ [d]
before voiced obstruent [d]
otherwise [t]
ττ everywhere [t]
τσ everywhere [ts]
τσ̌ everywhere [tʃ]
τζ everywhere [dz]
τζ̌ everywhere [dʒ]
υ after a consonant and before a vowel [ʝ]
after ⟨α⟩ or ⟨ε⟩ and before a nasal consonant [m]
after ⟨α⟩ or ⟨ε⟩ and word-final or before a voiceless consonant [f]
after ⟨α⟩ or ⟨ε⟩ otherwise [v]
φ everywhere [f]
χ before front vowel [ç]
otherwise [x]
χι before vowel [ç]
ψ everywhere [ps]
ψ̌ everywhere [pʃ]
Vowels
Monophthong Vowels
Letter IPA Examples Remarks
α [a] Actually closer to [ä].
ε [e] Actually closer to [e̞].
αι
ι [i]
η
υ
ει
οι
υι
ο [o] Actually closer to [o̞].
ω
ου [u]
Diphthongs

Diphthongs are formed by following a vowel with ⟨ι⟩ or ⟨ου⟩ (for /i/ and /u/ respectively).

Hiatus

When two adjacent vowels that normally form a "false diphthong" (i.e. a monophthong written with two vowel letters) are in hiatus or form a diphthong, this is indicated with a diaresis on the second vowel, which is invariably ⟨ι⟩ or ⟨υ⟩.

A diaresis is not used if the first vowel has an accent, since that precludes the possibility of it being a false diphthong.

Stress

Primary stress is always indicated in multisyllabic words via an acute accent.

When a syllable with a false diphthong (i.e. αι, ει, οι, υι, αυ, ευ) is stressed, the accent is always written on the second vowel letter.

When a syllable with a true diphthong is stressed, the accent is written on the nucleus of the diphthong (i.e. the first vowel letter).

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Numerals

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

Notes