Kwenya Greek

Kwenya (Κοινη) is a Hellenic language spoken in Irta.

Proto-Kwenya

Very close to 2nd century BC Egyptian Greek

Phonology

Consonants

• μ ν γγ = /m n ŋ/ (γκ γχ = /ŋk ŋkʰ/)
• π τ κ = /p t k/
• β δ = /b d/
• φ θ χ = /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
• σ γ = /s h/
• ζ = /z/
• ϝ ρ/ς λ = /w ɾ l/

Vowels

α ε ι ο υ η ω αι ει ευ ια ιο οι ου = /a ə i o wi ja u e i ju ja jo we ɨ/ ⟨a ë i o wi ya u e i yu ya yo we ũ⟩

Prosody

Stress

Stress is always initial.

Morphology

Nouns

Kwenya nouns have the following template:

STEM-case.number-(possessive suffix)

Kwenya lost gender.

Cases

γλωσσα 'tongue, language'

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	γλωσσα hlusa	γλωσσαι hluse
Vocative	γλωσσα! hlusa!	γλωσσαι! hluse!
Accusative	γλωσσαν hlusan	γλωσσας hlusar
Genitive	γλωσσας hlusar	γλωσσων hlusun
Illative	γλωσσανεις hlusanir	γλωσσαςεις hlusarir
Inessive	γλωσσανδο hlusando	γλωσσωνενδο hlusunëndo
Elative	γλωσσαξε hlusaksë	γλωσσωνεξε hlusunëksë
Adessive	γλωσσαρειτ hlusarit	γλωσσωνειτ hlusunit
Allative	γλωσσαβαι hlusabe	γλωσσωμβαι hlusumbe
Ablative	γλωσσαμπο hlusampo	γλωσσαπο hlusapo
Instrumental	γλωσσαδω hlusadu	γλωσσωνδω hlusundu
Essive	γλωσσαπρε hlusaprë	γλωσσωμπρε hlusumprë
Translative	γλωσσανειν hlusanin	γλωσσαςειν hlusarin
Abessive	γλωσσαχω hlusakhu	γλωσσωγχω hlusankhu
Comitative	γλωσσαμε hlusamë	γλωσσωμμε hlusummë

οικος 'house'

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	οικος wekor	οικοι wekwe
Vocative	οικε! wekë!	οικοι! wekwe!
Accusative	οικον wekon	οικους wekũr
Genitive	οικου wekũ	οικων wekun
Illative	οικονεις wekonir	οικουςεις wekũrir
Inessive	οικουνδο wekũndo	οικωνενδο wekunëndo
Elative	οικουξε wekũksë	οικωνεξε wekunëksë
Adessive	οικουρειτ wekũrit	οικωνειτ wekunit
Allative	οικουβαι wekũbe	οικωμβαι wekumbe
Ablative	οικομπο wekompo	οικουπο wekũpo
Instrumental	οικουδω wekũdu	οικωνδω wekundu
Essive	οικουπρε wekũprë	οικωμπρε wekumprë
Translative	οικονειν wekonin	οικουςειν wekũrin
Abessive	οικουχω wekũkhu	οικωγχω wekunkhu
Comitative	οικουμε wekũmë	οικωμμε wekummë

δωρον 'gift'

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	δωρον duron	δωρα dura
Vocative	δωρον! duron!	δωρα! dura!
Accusative	δωρον duron	δωρα dura
Genitive	δωρου durũ	δωρων durun
Illative	δωρονεις duronir	δωραεις durair
Inessive	δωρουνδο	δωρωνενδο
Elative	δωρουξε	δωρωνεξε
Adessive	δωρουειτ	δωρωνειτ
Allative	δωρουβαι	δωρωμβαι
Ablative	δωρομπο	δωραπο
Instrumental	δωρουδω	δωρωνδω
Essive	δωρουπρε	δωρωμπρε
Translative	δωρονειν	δωραειν
Abessive	δωρουχω	δωρωγχω
Comitative	δωρουμε	δωρωμμε

πολις 'city'

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	πολις	πολες
Vocative	πολι!	πολες!
Accusative	πολιν	πολες
Genitive	πολιως	πολιων
Illative	πολινεις	πολεςεις
Inessive	πολιωνδο	πολιωνενδο
Elative	πολιωξε	πολιωνεξε
Adessive	πολιωρειτ	πολιωνειτ
Allative	πολιωβαι	πολιωμβαι
Ablative	πολιμπο	πολεπο
Instrumental	πολιωδω	πολιωνδω
Essive	πολιωπρε	πολιωμπρε
Translative	πολινειν	πολεςειν
Abessive	πολιωχω	πολιωγχω
Comitative	πολιωμε	πολιωμμε

Possessive suffixes

γλωσσαμου, γλωσσασου, γλωσσατου, γλωσσαμων, γλωσσασων, γλωσσατων = my language, ...

Adjectives

Adjectives have an attributive form and predicative forms that agree by number, animacy and gender. They also have past tense and imperative forms like verbs. also -wir, -ia, -wi < ύς-εία-ύ‎

καλος 'good' (1st/2nd decl.); present tense

	Singular	Plural
male	καλος kalor	καλοι kale
female	καλη kalya	καλαι kale
inanimate	καλον kalon	καλα kala
attributive	καλ(ο)- kal(o)-

καλος 'good' (1st/2nd decl.); past tense

	Singular	Plural
male	καλορων kalorun	καλοντες kalontër
female	καληρα kalyara	καλαιςαι kalere
inanimate	καλονον kalonon	καλαντα kalanta
attributive	καλομοντ kalomont

καλος 'good' (1st decl.); imperative

	Singular	Plural
active	καλοστι! kalosti!	καλοστε! kalostë!

ευγενης 'gentlemanly' (3nd decl.)

	Singular	Plural
male	ευγενης yuhënyar	ευγενεις yuhënir
female	ευγενης yuhënyar	ευγενεις yuhënir
inanimate	ευγενες yuhënër	ευγενη yuhënya
attributive	ευγεν(ο)- yuhën(o)-

ευγενης 'gentlemanly' (3nd decl.); past tense

	Singular	Plural
male	ευγενηρων yuhënyarun	ευγενειντες yuhënintër
female	ευγενηςα yuhënyara	ευγενειςαι yuhënire
inanimate	ευγενερον yuhënëron	ευγενηντα yuhënyanta
attributive	ευγενομοντ yuhënomont

ευγενης 'gentlemanly' (3nd decl.); imperative

	Singular	Plural
active	ευγενοστι! yuhënosti!	ευγενοστε! yuhënostë!

Verbs

Two voices: active, passive

Principal parts: present stem, past stem

φαγων 'eat' - present active

	Singular	Plural
male	φαγων phahun	φαγοντες phahontër
female	φαγουςα phahũra	φαγουραι phahũre
inanimate	φαγον phahon	φαγοντα phahonta
attributive	φαγοντ phahont

φαγων 'eat' - past active

	Singular	Plural
male	φαγας phahar	φαγαντες phahantër
female	φαγαςα phahara	φαγαραι phahare
inanimate	φαγαν phahan	φαγαντα phahanta
attributive	φαγας phahar

φαγων 'eat' - imperative active

	Singular	Plural
active	φαγε! phahë!	φαγετε! phahëtë!

φαγων 'eat' - present passive

	Singular	Plural
male	φαγομενος phahomënor	φαγομενοι phahomënwe
female	φαγομενη phahomënya	φαγομεναι phahomëne
inanimate	φαγομενον phahomënon	φαγομενα phahomëna
attributive	φαγομεν phahomën

φαγων 'eat' - past passive

	Singular	Plural
male	φαγομενοςων phahamënorun	φαγαμενοντες phahamënontër
female	φαγομενηςα phahamënyara	φαγαμεναιςαι phahamënere
inanimate	φαγαμενονον phahamënonon	φαγαμεναντα phahamënanta
attributive	φαγομενομοντ phahomënomont

φαγων 'eat' - imperative passive

	Singular	Plural
active	φαγομεστι! phahomësti!	φαγομεστε! phahomëstë!

Numbers

All numbers are indeclinable:

1-10: ën, dwi, trya, tëttar, pënta, ëksa, ëpta, ohta, ënnya, dëka

11-20: ëndyutrũ, dwidyutru, ..., ikori (< hen deuterou, dyo deuterou, ... "one of the second [ten], two of the second [ten], ..." cf. Estonian üks·teist, kaks·teist, ...)

100: ëkaton

1000: khilya

Syntax

Constituent order

Kwenya syntax is similar to Finnish.