Flei/Old draft
Ciêng (nă rhọb Chiểng from *nàh ròpàh cècéŋàh) is a classical language of Thengkhoverse.
Inspirations: Vietnamese, Old Irish, Tiberian Hebrew, Naeng
Phonology
b d g ɢ għ q = /p t k q ʡ ʔ/;
aspirated stops p t c k kħ;
Spirants f θ x xħ ħ = /f θ x χ ħ/
m n ng; mh nh ngh = /m n ŋ; ṽ (lenis n) (lenis ŋ)/
x s h = /ɬ ʃ h/
b ƀ đ d y g ǥ = /v b(impl) d(impl) ð j ɣ (Eevo L)/
r l rh /r l (flap)/
hm hn hng hr voiceless resonants
i ê e a o ô u = /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/; ă = shva na; ĕ = ultrashort e; iê uô
Ultrashort vowels cannot carry independent tones
tones: a á à ả ã ạ (mid~falling high low rising~dipping nga nang)
Mutations
- Lenition: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> mh ng ngh b d y g għ h 0 l rh
- L-coloring: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> m l ng ƀ đ ǥ ǥ għ x l l r
- Aspiration: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> hm hn hng ph th ch kh ħ s ph x hr
Proto-language
5 vowels: i e a o u; each mora had high and low tones
allowed syllables: CV, CVn, CVh, CVl (CVnC becomes CV(sokuon)C as in Hebrew)
Todo: Stress patterns for construct nouns and dependent verbs
Consonants: m n ŋ p t c k q 2 s w l r y /m n ŋ p t k q̟ q̠ ʔ ʃ w l r j/
Tone reflexes (' denotes stress): (these occur by moras with long vowels counting as 2 moras): 'á > á; 'à > à; 'á.á > ã; 'á.à > a; 'à.á > ả; 'à.à > ạ (This occurs before syncope)
umlaut like in OIr
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns fall into 3 genders (human, animate and inanimate) and inflect for number (sg, du, pl) and case (abs erg gen lat loc voc). Possessed forms have unpredictable stems and comes from proto-forms that had a different stress pattern than absolute forms. The appropriate 3rd person possessed forms are used like construct state forms in possessive constructions.
The locative is used with prepositions to indicate location and is the default prepositional case; when the lative is used the same prepositions indicate destination, and when the ergative is used they indicate "motion from".
article nă + various mutations (also relativizer)
Possessive prefixes
- sèmpèngàrán > sệpngă-N 'garment'
- hísèmpèngàrán > ispngăr-N 'my garment'
- ngusèmpèngàrán > ngùspngăr-N 'thy garment'
- àsèmpèngàrán > àspngăr-N (animate)
- ànsèmpèngàrán > àspngăr-N (inanimate)
- láhisèmpèngàrán > lispngăr-N 'our garment'
- númasèmpèngàrán > nospngăr-N 'your garment'
- àlsèmpèngàrán > àxpngăr-N '3pl's garment'
Adjectives
Adjectives agree with nouns, def adjectives take the def article (bc Hebrew)
Verbs
Old Irish-style independent-dependent verbal allomorphy, which includes tone changes
PCiêng lò.mátse, ráh.làmátse '3sg saves, 3sg does not save' --> lă:más, ra:xảmhăs
productive redup
Inflection
Present tense forms of să·kumʰa '3sg remembers':
| Person | Primitive Ciêng | Underlying form | Ciêng surface form |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | so.kúmpasat(í), .sòkúmpasat(í) | să·kommpṡẻ, ·sủgmbẻ | să·kumʰẻ, ·sủmmẻ |
| 2SG | so·kúmpasaŋ(u), ·sòkúmpasaŋ(u) | să·kommpṡəŋ, ·sủgmbəŋ | să·kumʰụ, ·sủmmụ |
| 3SG | so·kúmpasáse, ·sòkúmpasáse | să·kommpṡa, ·sủgmba | să·kumʰa, ·sủmma |
| 1PL | so·kúmpasalehi, ·sòkúmpasalehi | să·kommpṡlə̣j, ·sủgmblə̣j | să·kumʰlị, ·sủmlị |
| 2PL | so·kúmpasanuma, ·sòkúmpasanuma | să·kommpṡnăm, ·sủgmbnăm | să·kumʰnăm, ·sủmnăm |
| 3PL | so·kúmpasaro, ·sòkúmpasaro | să·kommpṡər, ·sủgmbər | să·kumʰăr, ·sủmmăr |
Syntax
VOS
question particle să-L