Brytho-Hellenic

Brytho-Hellenic
Elynig (to kaen)
Pronunciation	[[Help:IPA|ɛ'lənig 'tɔ 'kai̯n]]
Created by	–
Native to	Elas to Kaen
Native speakers	52 millions (2012)
Language family	Indo-European Hellenic Celto-Hellenic Brytho-Hellenic
Official status
Official language in	Elas to Kaen
Language codes
ISO 639-1	el
ISO 639-2	ely
ISO 639-3	ely
New Greece or "Elas to Kaen"

General information

Brytho-Hellenic, Brythohellenic or simply Neohellenic (the native name is Elynig) is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England. In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again. In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat. In 381 b.C. Conon the Athenian and his Greeks reach our Scilly Islands: they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the New Greece or Elas to Kaen (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

Phonology

Alphabet

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the Greek language to communicate, whereas the Latin language became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the Latin alphabet, maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes. As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

Letters	Pronunciation	Further informations
a	[a]	-
b	[b]	-
d	[d]	-
dh	[ð]	like the English 'th' in the word that
e	[ɛ] / [e]	it can pronounced either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
f	[f]	-
g	[g]	it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
gh	[h]	it was pronounced as [x], but nowadays it is pronounced the same as 'h'
h	[h]	-
i	[i] / [j]	often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
k	[k]	-
l	[l]	-
m	[m]	-
n	[n]	-
o	[ɔ] / [o]	it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
p	[p]	-
r	[r]	trilled just as in Italian
s	[s]	always voiceless
t	[t]	-
th	[θ]	like the English 'th' in the word thin
u	[u]	-
v	[v]	-
w	[w]	-
y	[i] / [ǝ] / [j]	in monosyllabic words it is read as [i], in polysyllabic words it is read [i] if in the last syllable, otherwise [ǝ]; often it is read [j] if precedes or follows another vowel

A circumflex accent over the y indicates that it is read as [i] even if it is in a position where it would be read as [ǝ], ex.: ŷthias, "fish (pl.)" (IPA ['iθjas]).

Consonantal phonemes

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

Phonemes	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	p b			t d			k g
Affricate
Nasal	m	(ɱ)		n			(ŋ)
Fricative		f v	θ ð	s			(x)	h
Approximant				r		j	w
Lateral approximant				l

In the South-Western area (our Cornwall) the digraph gh is pronounced as [x].

Vocalic phonemes

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

Phonemes
Opening	Front	Back
Closed	i	u
Mid-closed	e	o
Mid-open	ɛ	ɔ
Open	a

Diphthongs and digraphs

In Brythohellenic there are 23 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

Diphthongs	Pronunciation
ae, ai, ay	[ai̯]
au	[au̯]
ei, ey	[ɛi̯] / [ei̯]
eu	[ɛu̯] / [eu̯]
ia, ya	[ja]
ie, ye	[jɛ] / [je]
io, yo	[jɔ] / [jo]
iu, yu	[ju]
oe, oi, oy	[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
wa	[wa]
we	[wɛ] / [we]
wi	[wi]
wo	[wɔ] / [wo]
wy	[wi] / [wə]

We have just seen the digraphs of Brythohellenic: dh [ð], gh [h], and th [θ].

Stress

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the Brythonic languages. Two main changes have been:

• often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: σοφία > *σόφια > seifegh, "knowledge";
• almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: καινός > kaen, "new"; θάνατος > thanadh, "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: thalas ['θalas], "sea" > thalasas [θa'lasas], "seas"; aelur ['ai̯lur], "cat" > aeluroe [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Grammar

Nouns, gender and number

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynig has got two genders - masculine and feminine - and two numbers - singular and plural. It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns ending with consonant regardless for the gender. Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are also three plural endings:

• oe, that is typical of masculine nouns;
• ae, that is used with feminine nouns;
• as, less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Unfortunately there are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of ŷth, "fish", is ŷthias; the plural of gy, "earth", is gae; the plural of yr, "water", is ŷdhas, and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few. Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

Singular	Plural	Gender	Meaning	Singular	Plural	Gender	Meaning
lidh	lidhoe	masculine	stone	pud	podas	masculine	foot
hyr	hyrae	feminine	land	oran	oranoe	masculine	sky, heaven
kryvid	kryvidas	feminine	shoe	fys	fŷdhas	masculine	light
biodh	biodhoe	masculine	life	lys	lysae	feminine	language
thyr	thyras	masculine	animal	bivyl	bivloe	masculine	book
eyv	avae	feminine	love	lig	ligoe	masculine	wolf
koeran	koeranoe	masculine	lord	koerein	koeranae	feminine	lady
einyr	annyr	masculine	man	gnyg	gnaeg	feminine	woman
kyr	keirdae	feminine	heart	kefeil	kefalae	feminine	head
tov	tovoe	masculine	place	kron	kronoe	masculine	time
odhyr	odhroe	masculine	morning	yver	yverae	feminine	day
dyl	dylae	feminine	afternoon	efer	eferae	feminine	evening
nith	nithas	feminine	night	helyn	helynae	feminine	moon
keldh	keldhoe	masculine	priest	kyldh	keldhae	feminine	priestess
denyr	denyras	masculine	tree	gadh	gadhas	masculine	hand
dyr	deras	masculine	star	omadh	omadhas	masculine	eye
keidydh	keidydhas	masculine	teacher	fil	filoe	masculine	friend
ethyr	ethroe	masculine	enemy	edhaer	edhaeroe	masculine	lover
kyn	kinoe	masculine	dog	kom	komoe	masculine	world