Proto-Celtic to Oltic Sound Changes

Proto-Celtic to Old Oltic

ɸ,sp,Cː,uw,ij > x,sw,C,u,i

nK,nm,m#,m,gN,#wN > ŋK,ŋm,n,ŋN,Nw

KʷVʷ > KVʷ

kʷ,g,gʷ > p,ɣ,w

{t,d,s,g}j,sw,gd > z

{e,o,V}C{j,w} > {ei,ou,Vː}C

{aː,ai},oi,i(ː)u,u(ː)i > ɛː,y,y(ː),y(ː)i

[V,Vʷ]w > au,ou / !_V

Old Oltic > Middle Oltic

Cʰ,S̬ > F

FF,SS > FS / F1!=s

Ss > F̥S

V > ∅ / ![_[(!.)V,ː] (lots of exceptions)

ei,{yi,ui,iu},ou(!%V) > eː,yː,uː

{e,o,a}u > {e,o,a}β

βC̥,βn,βm,βw,β > fC̥,mn,m,ww,v

{ea,ia},{eo,io} > ja,jo

w,KʷC > ɣʷ,KC

C̥j,K(ʷ)j,mj,nj,lj,j > C̥ç,P(ʷ),mɲ,ɲ,ʎ,ʝ

K(ʷ) > P(ʷ) / _{i,e}

nP > ɲP

N[S,F̬],N[F̥,!s],N{l,r} > NS̬,F̥,NS̬{l,r}

Pitch-accent forms

• High by default
• Falling if the root has a long vowel, there's been vowel elision before a stressed vowel, or there's been consonant elision directly before a stressed vowel
• Rising (overrides falling) if there's been vowel elision after a stressed vowel

ː > ∅

Middle Oltic > Modern Oltic

ʝ > j

{t,d,ð}{ɫ,ʎ} >ɫ,ʎ

V{r,ɫ,{ʎ,ɫi,ɫj}}C > {r,ɫ,ʎ}VC

ɫ,θ,ŋn,{ɣɫ,jʎ}, {ɣr,rj} > ɫ,f,ɲ,ʎ,ʑ

ɛ > e / K_

c,ᶮɟ(ʷ),ç,ʝʷ > tɕ,ⁿdʑ(ʷ),ɕ,ɥ

NS > ⁿS