Shum
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Shumian (native name ṣùm lau) is a monosyllabic language inspired by Marathi, Hmoob and IlL's Reber Wiebian.
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Initials
Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Voiceless stop | p /p/ | t /t̪/ | ṭ /ʈ/ | c /c/ | k /k/ | |||
Aspirated stop | ph /pʰ/ | th /t̪ʰ/ | ṭh /ʈʰ/ | ch /cʰ/ | kh /kʰ/ | |||
Voiced stop | b /b/ | d /d̪/ | ḍ /ɖ/ | j /ɟ/ | g /ɡ/ | |||
Murmured stop | bh /bʰ/ | dh /d̪ʰ/ | ḍʰ /ɖʰ/ | jh /ɟʰ/ | gh /ɡʰ/ | |||
Nasal | m /m/ | n /n̪/ | ṇ /ɳ/ | ñ /ɲ/ | ||||
Murmured nasal | mh /mʰ/ | nh /n̪ʰ/ | ṇh /ɳʰ/ | ñh /ɲʰ/ | ||||
Fricative | s /s/ | ṣ /ʂ/ | ś /ç~ɕ/ | h /h/ | ||||
Approximant | v /ʋ/ | y /j/ | ||||||
Murmured approximant | vh /ʋʰ/ | |||||||
Lateral | l /l/ | ḷ /ɺ̢/ | ||||||
Murmured lateral | lh /lʰ/ | ḷh /ɺ̢ʰ/ | ||||||
Trill | r /r/ |
Rimes
- aʔ iʔ uʔ ahᵃ ihⁱ uhᵘ with mid (33) and low (22) tones (spelled a i u aḥ iḥ uḥ)
- a: e: i: o: u: ai au am~ã: im~ĩ: um~ũ: with mid (33), low (21), rising (25), falling (41), dipping (313 with creaky voice on the 1), and high dipping tone (434) tones (spelled ā e ī o ū ai au aṁ iṁ uṁ)
Tones
Tone | Mid | Low | Rising | Falling | Dipping | High dipping |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spelling | a | à | á | â | ä | ǎ |
Old Shumian
Old Shumian had a much simpler sound system, with fewer consonants and no tones.
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Shumian is mostly isolating. There's one exception though, which is that the first consonant of the possessor in a genitive phrase is aspirated (unless it's /r/, /j/, or a fricative).
- ṇā̀ (I), mäi (boat) ⇒ ṇā̀ mhäi (my boat)
- rúm (eye), be (water) ⇒ rúm bhe (tears)
It derives from the genitive suffix *-s in Old Shumian. These phrases in Old Shumian would be:
- nrao (I), mati (boat) ⇒ nraos mati (my boat)
- rump (eye), bel (water) ⇒ rumps bel (tears)
Numbers
Number | Shumian |
---|---|
0 | dó |
1 | lê |
2 | bàḥ |
3 | vûṁ |
4 | pai |
5 | śaṁ |
6 | śū̂ |
7 | ñai |
8 | rìṁ |
9 | ḍiḥ |
10 | kū |
11 | nā̌ |
12 | ū |
144 | vī̈ |
1728 | dâu |
Syntax
Shumian is consistently head-final.