Shum

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Shumian (native name ṣùm lhau) is a monosyllabic language inspired by Marathi, Hmoob and IlL's Reber Wiebian.

Introduction

Phonology

Orthography

Initials

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Voiceless stop p /p/ t /t̪/ /ʈ/ c /c/ k /k/
Aspirated stop ph /pʰ/ th /t̪ʰ/ ṭh /ʈʰ/ ch /cʰ/ kh /kʰ/
Voiced stop b /b/ d /d̪/ /ɖ/ j /ɟ/ g /ɡ/
Murmured stop bh /bʰ/ dh /d̪ʰ/ ḍʰ /ɖʰ/ jh /ɟʰ/ gh /ɡʰ/
Nasal m /m/ n /n̪/ /ɳ/ ñ /ɲ/
Murmured nasal mh /mʰ/ nh /n̪ʰ/ ṇh /ɳʰ/ ñh /ɲʰ/
Fricative s /s/ /ʂ/ ś /ç~ɕ/ h /h/
Approximant v /ʋ/ y /j/
Murmured approximant vh /ʋʰ/
Lateral l /l/ /ɺ̢/
Murmured lateral lh /lʰ/ ḷh /ɺ̢ʰ/
Laterally released nasal ṇḷ /ɳᶩ/
Murmured laterally released nasal ṇḷh /ɳᶩʰ/
Trill r /r/

Rimes

  • aʔ iʔ uʔ ahᵃ ihⁱ uhᵘ with mid (33) and low (22) tones (spelled a i u aḥ iḥ uḥ)
  • a: e: i: o: u: ai au am~ã: im~ĩ: um~ũ: with mid (33), low (21), rising (25), falling (41), dipping (313 with creaky voice on the 1), and high dipping tone (434) tones (spelled ā e ī o ū ai au aṁ iṁ uṁ)

Tones

Tone Mid Low Rising Falling Dipping High dipping
Spelling a à á â ä ǎ

Old Shumian

Old Shumian had a much simpler sound system, with fewer consonants and no tones.

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Shumian is mostly isolating. There's one exception though, which is that the first consonant of the possessor in a genitive phrase is aspirated (unless it's /r/, /j/, or a fricative).

  • ṇā̀ (I), mäi (boat) ⇒ ṇā̀ mhäi (my boat)
  • rúm (eye), be (water) ⇒ rúm bhe (tears)

It derives from the genitive suffix *-s in Old Shumian. These phrases in Old Shumian would be:

  • nrao (I), mati (boat) ⇒ nraos mati (my boat)
  • rump (eye), bel (water) ⇒ rumps bel (tears)

Numbers

Number Shumian
0
1
2 bàḥ
3 vûṁ
4 pai
5 śaṁ
6 śū̂
7 ñai
8 rìṁ
9 ḍiḥ
10
11 nā̌
12 ū
144 vī̈
1728 dâu

Syntax

Shumian is consistently head-final.

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Lexicon

ṇḷàḥ ← *ngraskh 'fire'

Other resources