Glommish
Glommish (lliúdьsk /ɬʲuːtʲsk/ or llat lliúdьske mál; from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz) is a Germanic language spoken in Lliúdland (this world's Northern France and Western Germany) on the alt-hist of Lõis. It has the most speakers on Lõis out of any Germanic language. Glommish is intended to have a pseudo-Irish/Slavic aesthetic.
1-10: ýn, tvý, llrí, fiór, finf, siaks, siaven, acht, nión, tiachn /ɨːn, tvɨː, ɬʲrʲiː, fʲoːr, fʲinf, sʲæks, sʲævən, axt, nʲoːn, tʲæxn/
11-19: ýlьf, tvalьf, llrítián, fiórъtián, finfъtián, siaksъtián, siafъtián, achъtián, nióntián /ɨːlʲf, tvalʲf, ɬʲrʲiːtʲæːn, fʲoːrtʲæːn, fʲinftʲæːn, sʲækstʲæːn, sʲæftʲæːn, axtʲæːn, nʲoːnʲtʲæːn/
20-90: tvýntiech, llrítiech, ... achъtiech, nióntiech /tvɨːnʲtʲəx, etc./
100: hunderll /hundərɬ/
1000: llúsendь /ɬuːzənʲdʲ/
Phonology
Like its southern neighbor Ufirlandisg, Glommish phonology is characterized by hard and soft consonants.
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | plain | pal. | plain | pal. | |||||
| Nasal | m m | mь mʲ | n n̪ | nь nʲ | ||||||
| Stop /Affricate |
voiceless | p p | pь pʲ | t t̪ | tь tʲ | cz tʃ | k k | |||
| voiced | b b | bь bʲ | d t̪ | dь dʲ | dż dʒ | g g | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f f | fь fʲ | s s~z | sь sʲ~zʲ | ll ɬ~ɮ | llь ɬʲ~ɮʲ | sz ʃ~ʒ | ch x~ɣ | h h |
| voiced | v v | vь vʲ | ||||||||
| Liquid | r r | rь rʲ | l ɫ | lь lʲ | j j | |||||
Orthographical note: The soft sign ь and the palatalizing i soften every consonant in the cluster by default; however, the hard sign ъ prevents the softening of consonants to the left of it.
- Notes
- Hard /ɬ~ɮ/ is strongly velarized [ɬˠ~ɮˠ].
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i /ɪ/ | í /iː/ | y /ɨ/ | ý /ɨː/ | u /ʊ/ | ú /uː/ |
| Mid | e /ɛ/ | é /eː/ | e [ə] | o /ɔ/ | ó /oː/ | |
| Open | a /a/ | á /aː/ | ||||
Morphology
Nouns
Like German, Glommish has 4 cases. However, nominative and accusative are conflated for articles, nouns and adjectives.
Articles
Glommish uses the indefinite article yn (declined as an adjective) and the definite article llar.
| case | singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | n. | ||
| nom. | lla | llí | llat | llí |
| dat. | llam | lliar | llam | llím |
| gen. | llas | lliar | llas | lliar |
Consonant stems
| a-stem: vulf (m.) 'wolf' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | vulf | vulfe |
| Dative | vulfe | vulfem |
| Genitive | vulfs | vulfe |
| ja-stem: basь (n.) 'berry' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | basь | basie |
| Dative | basie | basiem |
| Genitive | basies | basie |
n-stems
Declined like weak adjectives. (The masculines have -n in the accusative singular; the feminines and neuters have the accusative singular identical to the nominative singular.)
| a-stem: name (n.) 'name' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | name | namen |
| Dative | namenь | namem |
| Genitive | namenь | namen |
Vowel stems
Nouns with this declension type are almost always feminine in modern Glommish.
| ō-stem: nase (f.) 'nose' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | nase | naser |
| Dative | nase | nasem |
| Genitive | naser | nase |
| u-stem: side (f.) 'custom' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | side | sider |
| Dative | side | sidem |
| Genitive | sider | side |
| i-stem: burllie (f.) 'birth' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | burllie | burllier |
| Dative | burllie | burlliem |
| Genitive | burllier | burllie |
Grab bag
| z-stem: lamb (n.) 'lamb' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | lamb | lambier |
| Dative | lambe | lambiem |
| Genitive | lambs | lambie |
| z-stem: fadier (m.) 'father' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | fadier | fadrie |
| Dative | fadrie | fadriem |
| Genitive | fadiers | fadrie |
Adjectives
Declension
For attributive adjectives, the weak declension is used when the noun is preceded by a definite article or demonstratives. The strong declension is used otherwise. Below are the strong and weak declensions of the adjective gád 'good':
Template:Col-2| case | singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | n. | ||
| nom. | gáde | gáde | gádet | gáde |
| dat. | gádme | gáder | gádme | gádem |
| gen. | gádes | gáder | gádes | gáder |
| case | singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | n. | ||
| nom. | gáde | gáde | gáde | gáden |
| dat. | gádenь | gádenь | gádenь | gádem |
| gen. | gádenь | gádenь | gádenь | gáden |
Soft-stem adjectives such as skónь 'beautiful' can be declined similarly.
| case | singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | n. | ||
| nom. | skónie | skónie | skóniet | skónie |
| dat. | skónьme | skónier | skónьme | skóniem |
| gen. | skónies | skónier | skónies | skónier |
| case | singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | n. | ||
| nom. | skónie | skónie | skónie | skónien |
| dat. | skónienь | skónienь | skónienь | skóniem |
| gen. | skónienь | skónienь | skónienь | skónien |
Degree
The comparative and superlatives are formed by the suffixes -ier and -ьst: svát, svátier, svátьst 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'.
There are a few irregular adjectives, which are listed in the table below.
| Meaning | Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|---|
| "good" | gád | batier | bast |
| "bad" | ubiel | wirsier | wirst |
| "many" | fiel | mýr | mýst |
Pronouns
Personal
| case | 1sg. | 2sg. | 3sg. | 1pl. | 2pl. | 3pl. | reflexive | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | n. | |||||||
| nom. | ik | llú | er | sí | it | vír | júr | í | - |
| acc. | mik | llik | ín | sí | it | unsь | jú | í | sik |
| dat. | mir | llir | ime | jar | ime | unsь | jú | ím | sir |
| gen. | mín | llín | is | jar | is | unsier | júrer | jar | sín |
Demonstrative
lliser = this; jéner = that
Verbs
Verbs are less conservative than in Ufirlandisg. For example, there is one set of personal endings for both thematic and athematic verbs.
Thematic verbs
Hard thematic
| tense | ik | llú | er/sí/it | vír | júr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | make | maker | makllь | makem | makll | maken |
| present subjunctive | make | makes | make | makem | makell | maken |
| past indicative | maktie | maktiest | maktie | maktiem | maktied | maktien |
| imperative | - | mak! / make! | - | - | makll! | - |
| present participle | makend | |||||
| past participle | makt | |||||
Also: lióven 'love', lirnen 'learn'
Soft thematic
| tense | ik | llú | er/sí/it | vír | júr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | varmie | varmier | varmllь | varmiem | varmьll | varmien |
| present subjunctive | varmie | varmies | varmie | varmiem | varmiell | varmien |
| past indicative | varmdie | varmdiest | varmdie | varmdiem | varmdied | varmdien |
| imperative | - | varmь! / varmie! | - | - | varmьll! | - |
| present participle | varmiend | |||||
| past participle | varmd | |||||
Also: arbýdien 'work'; hórien 'hear'; lýrien 'teach'; sadżen 'say'; ertalien 'tell, recount'; ranien 'run (transitive), execute, set into motion'
Some verbs with velar/palatal stems, e.g. brindżen, brachtie, bracht 'bring'; budżen, buchtie, bucht 'buy'; llanczien, llachtie, llacht - 'think' form a small subclass of soft stem thematic verbs.
Athematic verbs
Weak
Strong class 1
| tense | ik | llú | er/sí/it | vír | júr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | bítie | bíter | bítellь | bítem | bítell | bíten |
| present subjunctive | bíte | bítes | bíte | bítem | bítell | bíten |
| past indicative | bit | bitst | bit | bitem | bitell | biten |
| past subjunctive | bitie | bitiesd | bitie | bitiem | bitiell | bitien |
| imperative | - | bítь! | - | - | bítiell! | - |
| present participle | bítend | |||||
| past participle | biten | |||||
Also: szczínen, szczin, szczinen 'shine', drífen, drif, drifen 'drive', klíven, kliv, kliven 'stick, cling', ríten, rit, riten 'write'
Strong class 2
| tense | jac | zū | ir/sī/it | wīr | jūr | jā |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | czóse | czóser | czósellь | czósem | czósell | czósen |
| present subjunctive | czóse | czóses | czóse | czósem | czósell | czósen |
| past indicative | kós | kóst | kós | kósem | kósell | kósen |
| past subjunctive | kósie | kósiest | kósie | kósiem | kósiell | kósien |
| imperative | - | czós! | - | - | czósiell! | - |
| present participle | czósend | |||||
| past participle | kusen | |||||
Also: bióden, bód, buden 'offer, bid', bióchen, bóch, buchen 'bow', flióchen, flóch, fluchen 'fly', flión, fló, fluen 'flee, escape', friósen, frós, frusen 'freeze'
Strong class 3
| tense | ik | llú | er/sí/it | vír | júr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | binde | binder | bindellь | bindem | bindell | binden |
| present subjunctive | binde | bindes | binde | bindem | bindell | binden |
| past indicative | band | bandst | band | bandem | bandell | banden |
| past subjunctive | bandie | bandiest | bandie | bandiem | bandied | bandien |
| imperative | - | bind! | - | - | bindell! | - |
| present participle | bindend | |||||
| past participle | bunden | |||||
Also: biedżinen, biegan, biegunen 'begin'; drinken, drank, drunken 'drink'; finllen, fanll, funllen 'find'; grinden, grand, grunden 'grind'; rinen, ran, runen 'run'; springen, sprang, sprungen 'burst, explode'; singen, sang, sungen 'sing'; viarpen, varp, vurpen 'throw'; llringen, llrang, llrungen 'force someone'
Strong class 4
In Glommish, Proto-Germanic class 3b strong verbs have merged with class 4 strong verbs.
| tense | jac | zū | ir/sī/it | wīr | jūr | jā |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | biare | biarer | biarellь | biarem | biarll | biaren |
| present subjunctive | biare | biares | biare | biarem | biarll | biaren |
| past indicative | bar | barst | bar | barem | barll | baren |
| past subjunctive | barie | bariesd | barie | barem | bariell | barien |
| imperative | - | biar! | - | - | biarll! | - |
| present participle | biarend | |||||
| past participle | buren | |||||
Also: briaken, brak, bruken 'break', niamen, nam, numen 'take', kvemen, kvam, kumen 'come', spriaken, sprak, spruken 'speak', stialen, stal, sdulen 'steal', hialpen, halp, hulpen 'help', driasken, drask, drusken 'thresh', stiarven, starv, sturven 'die'
Strong class 5
| tense | ik | llú | er/sí/it | vír | júr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | dżave | dżaver | dżavellь | dżavem | dżavell | dżaven |
| present subjunctive | dżave | dżaver | dżave | dżavem | dżavell | dżaven |
| past indicative | gav | gavst | gav | gavem | gavell | gaven |
| past subjunctive | gavie | gaviest | gavie | gaviem | gaviell | gavien |
| imperative | - | dżav! | - | - | dżiavell! | - |
| present participle | dżavend | |||||
| past participle | dżaven | |||||
Also: driapen, drap, driapen 'hit, meet', ferdżaten, fergat, ferdżaten 'forget', liasen, las, liasen 'read', sión, só, sión 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs bidien, bad, biaden 'beg, pray', liaszen, lach, liachen 'lie'
Strong class 6
| tense | ik | llú | ir/sí/it | vír | júr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | grave | graver | gravellь | gravem | gravell | graven |
| present subjunctive | grave | graves | grave | gravem | gravell | graven |
| past indicative | gráv | grávst | gráv | grávem | grávell | gráven |
| past subjunctive | grávie | graviesd | grávie | gráviem | gráviell | grávien |
| imperative | - | grav! | - | - | gravell! | - |
| present participle | gravend | |||||
| past participle | graven | |||||
Also: faren, fár, faren 'spread', slachen, slách, slachen 'strike', standen, stánd, standen 'stand', vaksen, váks, vaksen 'grow', vasken, vásk, vasken 'wash', jaten, ját, jaten 'eat' (reclassified from class 5)
Strong class 7
hýten, hít, híten - to be called
lópen, lióp, liópen - to leap
stóten, stiót, stióten - encounter
halden, hiald, hialden - to hold
liáten, lít, liáten - to let
sián, siádie, siád - to sow (regularized)
Preterite-present verbs
viten 'to know'
| tense | ik | llú | er/sí/it | vír | júr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | výt | výst | výt | vitem | vitell | viten |
| present subjunctive | vite | vites | vite | vitem | vitell | viten |
| past indicative | vistie | vistiest | vistie | vistiem | vistiell | vistien |
| past subjunctive | vistie | vistiest | vistie | vistiem | vistiell | vistien |
| imperative | - | výt! | - | - | vitell! | - |
| present participle | vitend | |||||
| past participle | vist | |||||
kunen 'can, be able to'
| tense | ik | llú | er/sí/it | vír | júr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | kan | kanst | kan | kunem | kunll | kunen |
| present subjunctive | kune | kunes | kune | kunem | kunell | kunen |
| past indicative | kundie | kundiest | kundie | kundiem | kundiell | kundien |
| past subjunctive | kundie | kundiest | kundie | kundiem | kundiell | kundien |
Similarly skulen 'should', llurfen 'have to'.
máten 'may'
This verb is derived from from PGmc *mōtaną (~ Eng. must).
| tense | ik | llú | er/sí/it | vír | júr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | mát | mást | mát | mátem | mátell | máten |
| present subjunctive | máte | mátes | mát | mátem | mátell | máten |
| past indicative | mástie | mástiest | mástie | mástiem | mástiell | mástien |
| past subjunctive | mástie | mástiest | mástie | mástiem | mástiell | mástien |
Other irregular verbs
vín 'want to'
| tense | ik | llú | er/sí/it | vír | júr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | ví | vír | ví | vím | víll | vín |
| present subjunctive | ví | vís | vím | vím | víll | vín |
| past indicative | vildie | vildiest | vildie | vildiem | vildied | vildien |
| past subjunctive | vildie | vildiest | vildie | vildiem | vildied | vildien |
bión 'be'
| tense | ik | llú | er/sí/it | vír | júr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | em | ir | isь | bióm | bióll | bión |
| present subjunctive | sí | sís | sí | sím | síll | sín |
| past indicative | vas | vast | vas | viárem | viárll | viáren |
| past subjunctive | viérie | viériest | viérie | viériem | viériell | viérien |
| imperative | - | bió! | - | - | bióll! | - |
| present participle | biónd | |||||
| past participle | viáren | |||||
dán 'do'
| tense | ik | zú | er/sí/it | vír | júr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | dá | dár | dállь | dám | dáll | dán |
| present subjunctive | dá | dás | dá | dám | dáll | dán |
| past indicative | dié | diést | dié | diém | diéll | dién |
| past indicative | dié | diést | dié | diém | diéll | dién |
| imperative | - | dá! | - | - | dáll! | - |
| present participle | dánd | |||||
| past participle | dán | |||||
gán 'go, (future tense auxiliary)'
| tense | ik | zú | er/sí/it | vír | júr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | gá | gár | gállь | gám | gáll | gán |
| present subjunctive | gá | gás | gá | gám | gáll | gán |
| past indicative | dżang | dżangst | dżang | dżangem | dżangll | dżangen |
| past subjunctive | dżendże | dżendżest | dżendże | dżendżem | dżendżell | dżendżen |
| imperative | - | gá! | - | - | gáll! | - |
| present participle | gánd | |||||
| past participle | dżangen | |||||
Also: fán - to get, to obtain