Lesson:Umbrean/1 - Phonology
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Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labiode. | Dental | Alveol. | Postalve. | Retrofl. | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn. | Epiglot. | Glottal | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S. | L. | S. | L. | S. | L. | S. | L. | S. | L. | S. | L. | S. | L. | S. | L. | S. | L. | S. | L. | S. | L. | S. | L. | |||
| Plosive | Unvoiced | Plain | p (p) |
p: (pp) |
t (t) |
t: (tt) |
k (k) |
k: (kk) |
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| Lab. | tw (tw) |
tw: (ttw) |
kw (kw) |
kw: (kkw) |
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| Plat. | pj (pj) |
tj (tj) |
tj: (ttj) |
kj (kj) |
kj: (kkj) |
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| Lab-Pal | tɥ (tjw,twj) |
tɥ: (ttjw,ttwj) |
kɥ (kj) |
kɥ: (kkj) |
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| Voiced | Plain | b (b) |
b: (bb) |
d (d) |
d: (dd) |
g (g) |
g: (gg) |
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| Lab. | bw (bw) |
dw (dw) |
dw: (ddw) |
gw (gw) |
gw: (ggw) |
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| Plat. | dj (dj) |
dj: (ddj) |
gj (gg) |
gj: (ggj) |
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| Lab-Pal | dɥ (dwj, djw) |
dɥ: (ddwj, ddjw) |
gɥ (gwj,gjw) |
gɥ: (ggwj,ggjw) |
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| Affricative | Unvoiced | Plain | t͡s (ts) |
t͡ʃ (tš) |
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| Lab. | t͡sw (tsw) |
t͡ʃw (tšw) |
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| Plat. | t͡sj (tsj) |
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| Lab-Pal | t͡sɥ (tsjw,tswj) |
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| Voiced | Plain | d͡z (dz) |
d͡ʒ (dž) |
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| Lab. | d͡z w (dzw) |
d͡ʒ w (džw) |
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| Plat. | d͡zj (dzj) |
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| Lab-Pal | d͡zɥ (dzjw,dzwj) |
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| Fricative | Unvoiced | Plain | f (f) |
f: (ff) |
s (s) |
s: (ss) |
ʃ (š) |
ʃ: (šš) |
x (ǧ) |
x: (ǧǧ) |
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| Lab. | sw (sw) |
sw: (ssw) |
ʃw (šw) |
ʃw: (ššw) |
xw (ǧw) |
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| Plat. | fj (fj) |
fj: (ffj) |
sj (sj) |
sj: (ssj) |
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| Lab-Pal | sɥ (swj,sjw) |
sɥ: (ssjw,sswj) |
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| Voiced | Plain | v (v) |
v: (vv) |
z (z) |
z: (zz) |
ʒ (žž) |
ʒ: (žž) |
ɣ (ǧ) |
ɣ: (ǧǧ) |
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| Lab. | zw (zw) |
zw: (zw) |
ʒw (žw) |
ʒw: (žžw) |
ɣw (ǧw) |
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| Plat. | vj (vj) |
vj: (vvj) |
zj (zj) |
zj: (zzj) |
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| Lab-Pal | zɥ (zwj,zjw) |
zɥ: (zzjw,zzwj) |
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| Nasal | Plain | m (m) |
m: (mm) |
n (n) |
n: (nn) |
ŋ (ŋ) |
ŋ: (ŋŋ) |
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| Lab. | nw (n) |
ŋw (ŋw) |
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| Plat. | mj (mj) |
ŋj (ŋj) |
ŋj: (ŋŋj) |
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| Glides | Lateral Appr. | Plain | l (l) |
l: (ll) |
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| Lab. | lw (lw) |
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| Plat. | lj (lj) |
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| Lab-Pal | lɥ (lwj,ljw) |
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Vowels
| Front | Near front | Central | Near back | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i (i) | y (y) | ɨ (i) | ʉ (u) | u (ü) | |||
| Near-close | e (e) | |||||||
| Close-mid | ɛ (ë) | ɵ (ö) | o (o) | |||||
| Mid | ||||||||
| Open-mid | ɛ (ë) | œ (ö) | o (ɔ) | |||||
| Near-open | ||||||||
| Open | a (a) | ɑ (a) | ɒ(a) | |||||
Pitch-Accent
Primary stress[*] is realised with an increase in the pitch[*], while secondary stress has a decrease in the pitch.
Primary and secondary stress are both predictable accoridng to these rules and Primary stress always goes before secondary, that is if primary stress and secondary stress were to overlap the primary stress will be the one that is realised.
Primary
- Monosyllabic
- Ultima - Consonant ending
- Penult - Vowel Ending
Secondary
- First - Consonant begining
- Second - Vowel begining
- Ultima - Vowel Ending
1 Syllable Pitch High Normal Low Syllable 1
2 Syllables
C- -CPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 2 Syllables
V- -CPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 2 Syllables
C- -VPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 2 Syllables
V- -VPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 3 Syllables
C- -CPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 3 3 Syllables
V- -CPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 3 3 Syllables
C- -VPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 3 3 Syllables
V- -VPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 3 4 Syllables
C- -CPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 3 4 4 Syllables
V- -CPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 3 4 4 Syllables
C- -VPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 3 4 4 Syllables
V- -VPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 3 4 n>4 Syllables
C- -CPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 3->n-2 n-1 n n>4 Syllables
V- -CPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 3->n-2 n-1 n n>4 Syllables
C- -VPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 3->n-2 n-1 n n>4 Syllables
V- -VPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 3->n-2 n-1 n Phonotactics
The syllable structure is decently complex where the onset[*], the consonants prior to the vowel, and the coda[*], consonants after the vowel, both can take two consonants. The onset and coda acts both independed of each other and can take the following forms.
Syllable Structure General C C V C C Possible Onset Core Coda Initial Vowel Final Consonant Vowel Consonant Nasal Affricative Vowel Nasal Nasal Nasal Fricative Vowel Affricative Nasal - n Nasal Nasal Vowel Plosive Fricative Nasal Plosive Vowel Plosive Plosive Affricative Nasal Vowel Fricative Fricative Plosive Nasal Vowel Fricative Nasal Plosive Fricative Vowel Fricative Lateral Plosive Plosive Vowel Lateral Fricative Fricative Fricative Vowel Latera Affricative Fricative Plosive Vowel Affricative Lateral Plosive Lateral Vowel Nasal Lateral Fricative Lateral Vowel Plosive Lateral Affricative Lateral Vowel Affricative Fricative Nasal Lateral Vowel Affricative Plosive Lateral Nasal Vowel Affricative Fricative Vowel