Verse:Hmøøh/Talma/Literature
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Netagin (barits Natāgīn) is a (largely reconstructed) triconsonantal language inspired by Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic, spoken in Western Etalocin. This page describes Ancient Netagin, the oldest attested stage of Netagin.
Todo
- -īn, -iyyō, -īnā = adjectival/abstract suffix
- final -ʔ to block initial seimhiu in descendants
- Honorific system
- Imperatives? Moods/seq of tenses?
Words
- ʔiȝsō = eagle
- safȝ = friend
- ħinn = evening
- ʔasāṭ = colorful, bright in color
- waqwāq = frog
- zār = cat
- tawsūg = copy
- tattug = tell, narrate
- tattôgô = story
- gāsir = world
Swadesh list
xay = who
xū = what
xaddu = where
xibak = when
xam = how
'ixxū = why
kī = not
rōg- = all
Roots
- w-s-g: similar
- n-t-g: sing
- r-s-d: learn
- z-ʔ-r: go
- w-r-s: love
- b-n-s: hide
- ȝ-z-f: poke
- z-ħ-m: praise, honor
- ŋ-t-w: new
- k-n-f: reason
- h-ŋ-ts: empty, null
- ħ-d-k: warm
- ts-ŋ-ṭ: garden, horticulture
- g-m-z: letter, element
- s-b-r: compassion, sympathy
- f-x-r: agree, blend
- n-b-x: courage
- t-f-k: know
- y-r-f: roll
- f-ts-m: read
- ȝ-k-r: write
- z-r-b: true, firm
- x-d-ȝ: half, split
- f-s-T: step, stage
- ʔ-b-3: mind
- w-t-f: die
- t-ŋ-b: measure
- z-m-z-m: hesitate
- s-r-k: king, rule
- ħ-n-g: value
- ʔ-ṭ-r: punish
- k-r-ts: say
- q-3-q-3: tile
- b-s-ŋ: clan, family
- b-ts-3: force, coerce
- r-ʔ-b: criticize
- f-s-q: beast
- q-ȝ-d: agree
- z-ȝ-n: comfort, solace
- ʔ-s-ṭ: light, color
- y-d-x: compare, similar, metaphor
- s-f-3: dear
- w-d-r: equal, same
- m-g-t: assign
- q-b-tx: shield, fortress
- q-z-r: hand over
- ts-b-s: show, exhibit
- ħ-r-k: open
- t-q-s: good, great
- ħ-n-r: use
- s-n-3: help
Patterns
- 1a23 = noun
- 1a2ā3 = adjective, noun?
- 1a22ū3 = adjective
- ta12ū3 = noun
- ʔi12ā3 = noun
- 1ā2a3, 1ā2i3 = noun
- 1ô2a3 = noun
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ŋ /ŋ/ | ||||||
| Plosive | plain | t /t/ | k /k/ | ʔ /ʔ/ | |||||
| tense | ṭ /t˭/ | ḳ /k˭/ | |||||||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | ||||||
| Affricate | c /ts/ | q /tɬ/ | |||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f /f/ | s /s/ | x /ɬ/ | ħ /ħ/ | h /h/ | |||
| voiced | z /z/ | ȝ /ʁ~ʕ/ | |||||||
| Approximant | w /w/ | r /ɾ/ | j /j/ | ||||||
Vowels
The following vowels were used:
i iː u uː
a aː oː
aj aw
⟨i ī u ū a ā ō ay aw⟩
Stress is marked with an acute accent.
Morphology
Nouns and adjectives
The definite article was ʔis-.
Number
Three numbers: sg, du/col, pl
Two genders: plain, honorific
Honorific marked with -ō
absolute, construct, possessed forms
For example, below are the declensions of yarifi (plain) = 'wheel'; ʔiȝsō (honorific) = 'eagle'
| Singulative | Dual-collective | Plurative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| absolute | construct | absolute | construct | absolute | construct | |
| Plain | yarifi | yarif | yarifūʔ | yarifū | yarifāʔ | yarifā |
| Honorific | ʔiȝsō | ʔiȝsōn | ʔiȝsōnūʔ | ʔiȝsōnū | ʔiȝsōbi | ʔiȝsōb |
Possessive suffixes
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| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | yarifūki | yarifūtū | yarifūtā |
| 2 | yarifūni | yarifūnū | yarifūnā |
| 3 | yarifūhi | yarifūhū | yarifūhā |
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | yarifāki | yarifātū | yarifātā |
| 2 | yarifāni | yarifānū | yarifānā |
| 3 | yarifāhi | yarifāhū | yarifāhā |
Pronouns
| First person | Second person | Third person | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Independent | ʔafti | ʔaffū | ʔaffā | ʔanni | ʔannū | ʔannā | hini (a) hinan (hon.) |
hinnū | hinnā |
| Clitic | -ti | -fū | -fā | -ni | -nū | -nā | -hi | -hū | -hā |
Verbs
Ancient Netagin has at least 12 binyanim:
- Binyan 1 verbs are verbs denoting intransitive actions ("come"), as well as stative verbs ("be cold") and some monotransitives. It is often considered the most basic form.
- Binyan 2 contains many monotransitive verbs, ("eat") including causativizations of Binyan 1 verbs ("make happy").
- Binyan 3 consists of verbs denote reflexive/reciprocal action ("get dressed", "kiss each other"), or change of state ("thicken").
- Binyan 4 contains causatives of transitive verbs ("feed") (and of some Binyan 2 and Binyan 3 verbs). Causatives of statives in the imperfective aspect may denote active maintenance of a state (as opposed to changing a state in the perfective aspect).
- Binyan 5 is roughly equivalent to the German prefix be- (applicative).
- Binyan 6 - telic, intensive
- Binyan 7 - telic
- Binyan 8 - "X a little, almost X"
- Binyan 9 - "X in advance, X for oneself" (from the middle voice)
- Binyan 10 - "-le"
- Binyan 11 verbs tend to express gradual processes.
- Binyan 12 - "mis-X, over-X"
| Binyan | Imperfective | Perfective | Antipassive Participle |
Passive Participle |
Action noun |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1a2a3 | -i12a3 | 1ō2i3 | 1i2u3 | 1i2i3i |
| 2 | 1a2ō3 | -a12ū3 | 1a2ī3 | 1a2ū3 | 1u2ā3 |
| 3 | ʔa12ī13 | -uni12i3 | bi1ːū2ā3 | ti1ːū2ā3 | ʔa12u3ti |
| 4 | ʔa12i3 | -i1ːi2u3 | ba12a3 | ta12a3 | ʔa12a3ō |
| 5 | ta12u3 | -ut1a2i3 | but1a2u3 | tut1a2u3 | ta12ō3ō |
| 6 | ʔir1a2a3 | -ur1i2u3 | bur1i2u3 | tur1i2u3 | ʔur1a2i3i |
| 7 | ʔirta1a2u3 | -urta1a2i3 | burta1a2u3 | turta1a2u3 | tirta1a2ī3i |
| 8 | ʔi21a2i3 | -i21i2u3 | bu21ā2u3 | tu21ā2u3 | ʔu21a2i3i |
| 9 | 1as2u3 | -u1is2u3 | bu1as2u3 | tu1as2u3 | tu1as2i3i |
| 10 | 1i2a2i3 | -i12i2u3 | bu12i2u3 | tu12i2u3 | ti12a2i3i |
| 11 | 1a2ā2u3 | -i12ī2u3 | bu12ā2u3 | tu12ā2u3 | tu12ā2i3i |
| 12 | 1i31a2u3 | -i1a31i2u3 | bu1i31ā2u3 | tu1i31ā2u3 | 1i31a2i3i |
1 Shortens to i when a suffix is added.
The participle is an agent noun or an adjective. Adverbializing it yields manner of action "as if to X".
The action noun (axn) or gerund is used in action noun constructions, which are of the form SUBJECT-gen AXN OBJECT-acc. It is of importance in forming relative clauses, for Netagin does not have a relativizer.
Affixes
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Syntax
Ancient Netagin is almost completely head-initial; it is also syntactically ergative.