User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.8
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | p | t | k | |||||
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
Fricative | Spirant | β | ɸ | ð | θ | ɣ | h | |
Silibant | s | |||||||
Liquid | Flap | ɾ | ||||||
Approx. | l | |||||||
Glide | Approx. | j | w |
Vowels
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
Unrounded | Rounded | |
Close | i | u |
Mid | e | o |
Open | a | ɒ |
Diphthongs
i | u | |
---|---|---|
a | ai | |
e | ei | |
ɒ | ɒu | |
o | ou |
Phonotactics
Syllable (σ) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Onset (ω) | Rime (ρ) | |||
Initial (ι) | Medial (μ) | Nucleus (ν) | Coda (κ) | |
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Initial (ι)
- Initials are optional word-initially and mandatory elsewhere
- Can’t have the same manner of articulation as a preceding coda
Medial (μ)
- Medials re optional
- Liquids are only allowed after stops or fricatives
- /s/ Is only allowed after nasals or liquids
- /s/ is forbidden on a first syllable or after a syllable with coda
Nucleus (ν)
- Nuclei are mandatory
- Diphthongs are not allowed after a semivowel
Coda (κ)
- Codas are optional
- Nasals must have the same place of articulation as the following obstruent
- Liquid + fricative are only allowed word-finally
Stress
Stress is often placed on the first syllable, sometimes on the second.
Allophony
- Spirants and plosives with the same place of articulation merge and become geminated voiced plosives
- [βp] → [bː]
- [βp] → [bː]
- Spirants undergo fortition, becoming voiced plosives, when adjacent to plosives with a different place of articulation or nasals
- [ðn] → [dn]
- [tɣ] → [tg]
- The alveolar voiced spirant undergoes fortition before the lateral fricative and...
- The lateral fricative becomes a lateral release after an alveolar plosive
- [ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]
- [ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]
- The alveolar and velar nasals merge with the palatal glide to form a palatal nasal
- [nj] → [ɲ]
- [nj] → [ɲ]
- The alveolar sibilant merges with the palatal glide into a voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
- [sj] → [ʃ]
- [sj] → [ʃ]
- The velar spirant and the palatal glide merge into a voiceless palatal-velar fricative
- [hj] → [ɧ]
- [hj] → [ɧ]
- The velar spirant and the labiovelar glide merge into a voiceless labiovelar approximant
- [hw] → [ʍ]
- [hw] → [ʍ]
- The labiovelar glide turns into labialization after a voiced velar plosive or spirant
- [ɣw] → [ɣʷ]
- [ɣw] → [ɣʷ]
- The palatal glide becomes a voiced palatal fricative word-initially
- [∅j] → [ʝ]
- [∅j] → [ʝ]
- The labiovelar glide becomes a labiodental approximant word-initially
- [∅w] → [ʋ]
Word Classes
Nouns
Dependency Structure
Determiner | Quantifier | Noun | Case | Adjective | Genitive | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Root | Number |
Number
Number | Suffix | Example | Use |
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Single instance of a count and mass nouns (pen, water) | ||
Singulative | Single unit from a mass noun (a drop of water) | ||
Plurative | Multiple instances of count and mass nouns (pens, waters) |
Case
Case | Particle | Example | Use |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Agent of transitive verbs and active subject of intransitive verbs | ||
Absolutive | Object of transitive verbs and passive subject of intransitive verbs | ||
Dative | Indirect object of a verb | ||
Genitive | Indicates rossession, relation or reference | ||
Locative | Place or time of the action | ||
Instrumental | Indicates a tool or associate with which the action is performed |
Verbs
Dependency Structure
Adverb of manner | Verbal phrase | Adverb of time | ||
Derivative preposition | Aspectual preposition | Verb |
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Aspects
Internal aspects | |||
---|---|---|---|
Aspect | Preposition | Use | English equivalent |
Perfective | Action without temporal structure | He eats | |
Progressive | Action described as ongoing | He is eating | |
Ingressive | Beginning of an action | He started his meal | |
Egressive | End of an action | He finished his meal | |
Pausative | Pausing or stopping of an action | He stopped eating | |
Resumptive | Continuation of an unfinished action | He continued eating | |
Protractive | Repetition of the internal action | He eats on and on | |
Iterative | Repetition of a whole action | He eats again and again | |
Completive | Performing an action completely | He ate his entire meal | |
Incompletive | Performing and action incompletely | He barely touched his meal | |
External aspects | |||
Aspect | Adverb | Use | English equivalent |
Retrospective | Action before the time of reference | He has eaten | |
Prospective | Action after the time of reference | He is going to eat |
Muna Versions
Current version is v2.7, other versions hosted on Linguifex are below