| Muna |
|---|
    |
| Pronunciation | [/ˈmuna/] |
|---|
| Created by | Miguel Bartelsman |
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| Date | 2015 |
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| Setting | Fantasy world |
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| |
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|
Phonology
Consonants
|
|
Labial
|
Coronal
|
Dorsal
|
Glottal
|
| Nasal
|
m
|
n nː
|
|
|
| Stop
|
p pʰ
|
β~b
|
t tʰ
|
ð~d
|
k kʰ
|
ɣ~g
|
|
| Fricative
|
f
|
s sː
|
|
h ɦ̩
|
| Lateral
|
|
l lː
|
|
|
| Flap
|
|
ɾ
|
|
|
| Trill
|
|
r
|
|
|
Consonant clusters
|
|
pɾ
|
tɾ
|
kɾ
|
βɾ
|
ðɾ
|
ɣɾ
|
m
|
p
|
t
|
k
|
f
|
h
|
β
|
ð
|
ɣ
|
n
|
s
|
ɾ
|
l
|
| n
|
npɾ
|
ntɾ
|
nkɾ
|
nβɾ
|
nðɾ
|
nɣɾ
|
nm
|
np
|
nt
|
nk
|
nf
|
nh
|
nβ
|
nð
|
nɣ
|
nː
|
ns
|
|
|
| s
|
spɾ
|
ntɾ
|
nkɾ
|
sβɾ
|
sðɾ
|
sɣɾ
|
sm
|
sp
|
st
|
sk
|
sf
|
sh
|
sβ
|
sð
|
sɣ
|
sn
|
sː
|
|
sl
|
| ɾ
|
ɾpɾ
|
ɾtɾ
|
ɾkɾ
|
ɾβɾ
|
ɾðɾ
|
ɾɣɾ
|
ɾm
|
ɾp
|
ɾt
|
ɾk
|
ɾf
|
ɾh
|
ɾβ
|
ɾð
|
ɾɣ
|
ɾn
|
ɾs
|
r
|
ɾl
|
| l
|
lpɾ
|
ltɾ
|
lkɾ
|
lβɾ
|
lðɾ
|
lɣɾ
|
lm
|
lp
|
lt
|
lk
|
lf
|
lh
|
lβ
|
lð
|
lɣ
|
ln
|
ls
|
|
lː
|
Vowels
|
|
Front
|
Back
|
| Close
|
i
|
iː
|
u
|
uː
|
| Mid
|
e
|
eː
|
o
|
oː
|
| Open
|
a
|
aː
|
ɒ
|
ɒː
|
Vowel clusters
|
|
a
|
e
|
i
|
ɒ
|
o
|
u
|
| a
|
aː
|
ae
|
ai
|
|
|
|
| e
|
ea
|
eː
|
ei
|
|
|
|
| i
|
ja
|
je
|
iː
|
jɒ
|
jo
|
ju
|
| ɒ
|
|
|
|
ɒː
|
ɒo
|
ɒu
|
| o
|
|
|
|
oɒ
|
oː
|
ou
|
| u
|
wa
|
we
|
wi
|
wɒ
|
wo
|
uː
|
Phonotactics
(C1)V(V)(C2)
- C1: Any consonant except /ɦ̩/
- C2: One of /n s ɾ l/
- V: Any vowel or /ɦ̩/
Stress
- Penultimate syllable if the word ends in a vowel
- Last syllable is the word ends in a consonant
Ortography
| Rune
|
Latin
|
IPA
|
Name
|
|
m
|
/m/
|
|
|
n
|
/n/
|
|
|
p
|
/p/
|
|
|
t
|
/t/
|
|
|
k
|
/k/
|
|
|
f
|
/f/
|
|
|
b
|
/β/
|
|
|
s
|
/s/
|
|
|
d
|
/ð/
|
|
|
g
|
/ɣ/
|
|
|
h
|
/h/
|
|
|
r
|
/ɾ/
|
|
|
l
|
/l/
|
|
|
a
|
/a/
|
|
|
q
|
/ɒ/
|
|
|
e
|
/e/
|
|
|
o
|
/o/
|
|
|
i
|
/i/
|
|
|
u
|
/u/
|
|
|
'
|
/ɦ̩/
|
|
Morphology
Verbs
Tense/Aspect
| 1st Affix
|
2nd Affix
|
Tense / Aspect
|
| None
|
∅
|
None
|
∅
|
Gnomic
|
| Past
|
-ga
|
None
|
∅
|
Past perfective
|
| Past
|
-ga
|
Past retrospective, Distant past
|
| Present
|
-'r
|
Past continuous
|
| Future
|
-is
|
Past prospective
|
| Present
|
-'r
|
None
|
∅
|
Present perfective
|
| Past
|
-ga
|
Present retrospective, Near past
|
| Present
|
-'r
|
Present continuous
|
| Future
|
-is
|
Present prospective, Near future
|
| Future
|
-is
|
None
|
∅
|
Future perfective
|
| Past
|
-ga
|
Future retrospective
|
| Present
|
-'r
|
Future continuous
|
| Future
|
-is
|
Future prospective, Distant future
|
Mood
| Type
|
Mood
|
Use
|
| Realis
|
Indicative
|
-∅
|
Factual statement
|
| Irrealis
|
Epistemic
|
Alethic
|
-to
|
States truth or logical necessity
|
| Potential
|
-ma
|
States probability of something happening
|
| Deductive
|
-he
|
States something supported by indirect evidence
|
| Interrogative
|
-saa
|
Questions the action, always last
|
| Deontic
|
Desiderative
|
-ti
|
States internal desire for something. Want to, desire, hope, would rather
|
| Expectative
|
-du
|
States external desire for something. Should, ought to, expected to, advised to
|
| Necessitative
|
-ka
|
States internal necessity for something. Need to
|
| Directive
|
-kq
|
States external necessity for something. Must, obligated to, had better
|
| Capacitative
|
-pra
|
States internal ability to do something. Able to
|
| Permissive
|
-pro
|
States external ability to do something. Allowed to
|
Nouns
Case
| Case
|
Use
|
| Nominative
|
-a -e -i
|
Marks the subject, agent of a verb
|
| Absolutive
|
-q -o -u
|
Marks the object, patient of a verb. Base form
|
| Dative
|
-ql -ol -ul
|
Marks the indirect object or theme of the verb
|
| Genitive
|
-mi
|
Marks possession of or relation with something
|
| Instrumental
|
-ta
|
Marks an instrument or tool used to carry out the action
|
| Locative
|
-ko
|
Marks the location or time of the action
|
| Comitative
|
-na
|
Mark accompaniment of something
|
| Privative
|
-nan
|
Marks the lack of company by something
|
| Alternative
|
-me
|
Marks an alternative or choice to something
|
Number
| Number
|
Use
|
| Singulative
|
|
Marks a single object of a mass noun
|
| Plurative
|
|
Marks multiple instances of countable and mass nouns
|
Pronouns
| Person
|
Number
|
Case
|
| NOM
|
ABS
|
DAT
|
GEN
|
| First
|
Singular
|
|
|
|
|
| Plural
|
Exclusive
|
|
|
|
|
| Inclusive
|
|
|
|
|
| Second
|
Singular
|
|
|
|
|
| Plural
|
Exclusive
|
|
|
|
|
| Inclusive
|
|
|
|
|
| Third
|
Singular
|
|
|
|
|
| Plural
|
|
|
|
|
Determiners
| Type
|
Demonstrative
|
Interrogative
|
| Proximal
|
Medial
|
Distal
|
| Object
|
|
|
|
|
| Quality Amount
|
|
|
|
| Manner
|
|
|
|
| Reason
|
|
|
|
| Location
|
|
|
|
| Time
|
|
|
|
Quantifiers
| Type
|
Use
|
| Universal
|
|
Every option
|
| Existential
|
|
Large amount of
|
|
|
V
|
|
|
V
|
|
|
V
|
|
|
V
|
|
|
Pair of
|
| Negatory
|
|
No option
|
| Elective
|
|
Any option
|
| Alternative
|
|
A different option
|
Adpositions
| Type
|
|
Use
|
| Spatial
|
Location
|
|
Above, on the surface
|
|
|
Below
|
|
|
In front of
|
|
|
Behind
|
|
|
Near
|
|
|
Between, amongst
|
|
|
Inside
|
| Movement
|
|
Over, across the surface
|
|
|
Under
|
|
|
By, near
|
|
|
Through
|
|
|
To (direction)
|
|
|
To (destination)
|
|
|
From (origin)
|
|
|
Into
|
|
|
Out from
|
| Temporal
|
|
Since
|
|
|
Before
|
|
|
During
|
|
|
After
|
|
|
Until
|
| Composition
|
|
Of
|
| Purpose
|
|
In order to
|
| Cause
|
|
Because of
|
| Reference
|
|
About
|
Particles
Numerals
Numerals are base 20 with sub-base 5
Single digit numbers
| 0
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
| 0
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 5
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
| 5
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 10
|
11
|
12
|
13
|
14
|
| A
|
B
|
C
|
D
|
E
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 15
|
16
|
17
|
18
|
19
|
| F
|
G
|
H
|
J
|
K
|
|
|
|
|
|
Multiple digit numbers
| x400
|
x20
|
x1
|
Total
|
|
|
2
|
E
|
34
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
40
|
14
|
|
|
C
|
4
|
244
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
240
|
4
|
| 5
|
J
|
7
|
2367
|
|
|
|
|
| 2000
|
360
|
7
|
Derivation
Affixation patterns
| Verbs
|
| Conversion
|
Pattern
|
Changes
|
Example
|
| Root
|
→
|
Verb
|
Verbalization
|
-qn -on -un
|
|
| Verb
|
→
|
Verb
|
Opposite
|
|
|
| Verb
|
→
|
Verb
|
Causative
|
|
|
| Verb
|
→
|
Verb
|
Complementary
|
|
|
| Nouns
|
| Root
|
→
|
Noun
|
Nominalization
|
-∅, -r, -l
|
|
| Noun
|
→
|
Noun
|
Augmentative
|
|
|
| Noun
|
→
|
Noun
|
Diminutive
|
|
|
| Noun
|
→
|
Noun
|
Place of...
|
|
|
| Adjectives
|
| Root
|
→
|
Adjective
|
Adjectivalization
|
-s
|
|
| Adjective
|
→
|
Adjective
|
Augmentative
|
|
|
| Adjective
|
→
|
Adjective
|
Diminutive
|
|
|
| Adjective
|
→
|
Adjective
|
Opposite
|
|
|
| Adverbs
|
| Root
|
→
|
Adverb
|
Adverbalization
|
-s'r, -s'l
|
|
| Adverb
|
→
|
Adverb
|
Augmentative
|
|
|
| Adverb
|
→
|
Adverb
|
Diminutive
|
|
|
| Adverb
|
→
|
Adverb
|
Opposite
|
|
|
Compounding patterns
| Pattern
|
Construction
|
Example
|
| HEAD w/ quality of MODIFIER
|
HEAD + MODIFIER
|
|
| HEAD originated from MODIFIER
|
|
| HEAD made of MODIFIER
|
|
| HEAD benefitting MODIFIER
|
|
| Do HEAD to MODIFIER
|
|
| Mix of HEAD and MODIFIER
|
|
Syntax
The following color coding will be used for the examples in order to facilitate understanding of the sentence structure
verbs - subject - object - ind. object - others
Word order
- Noun
- Adjective
- Quantifier
- Numeral
- Genitive
Default sentence structure
- Verb
- Subject
- Object
- Indirect object
- Oblique argument
Interrogative constructions
Choice questions
- drink-des-prs-fut-q 2s.nom coffee=alt tea=alt
- Do you want to drink coffee or tea?
- drink-des-prs-fut 2s.nom tea-abs
- I want tea
- Tea
Semi-polar questions
- eat-des-prs-fut-q 2s.nom steak-abs burger=alt
- Do you want to eat steak? or do you want a burger?
Polar questions
- come-pst-q friend.nom 2s.gen friday.loc last
- Did your friend came last Friday?
Non-polar questions
- be-q how_much that river-nom wide
- How wide is that river?
Relative Constructions
Subject
- be [come-pst late guy-nom]-nom cousin.abs 1s.gen
- The [he came late] guy is my cousin
Direct object
- give-pst 1s-nom rose-abs [see-pst kate-nom girl-abs]-dat
- I gave the rose to the [Kate saw her] girl
Indirect object
- know john-nom [write-pst 1s-nom letter-abs woman-dat]-abs
- John knows the [I wrote a letter to her] woman
Genitive
- tell-pst [die-pst father-nom boy-gen]-nom 1s-abs
- The [his father died] boy told me something
Passive constructions
- eat Mary.nom pie.abs → eat pie.abs
- Mary eats pie → Pie is eaten
Anti-passive constructions
- eat Mary.nom pie.abs → eat Mary.nom
- Mary eats pie → Mary eats
