Tigol/Proto-Tigol

Tigol/Proto-Tigol-English lexicon
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Tigol/Proto-Tigol
θensārimem
Pronunciation	[/θensaːrimem/]
Created by	IlL
Setting	Hussmauch
Extinct	220 v.T.
Language family	Quihum Talmic Thensaric Tigol/Proto-Tigol
Language codes
ISO 639-3	qth

Tigol/Proto-Tigol is the the ancestor of most living Talmic languages, including Tígeł and Nurian. It is inspired aesthetically by Proto-Celtic, Latin and Arabic, and grammatically by Semitic, Ancient Greek and Native American languages.

Todo

Explain those clusters from PQ clusters

• ȝastran = 'laugh'

Notes on notation

Glossary

• ~: cognate to

Background

See also: Tigol/Proto-Tigol/Sound changes from Proto-Quihum.

Phonology

Consonants

Tigol/Proto-Tigol used 18 consonants.

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Radical	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			n [ŋ]
Plosive	voiceless	(p /p/)	t /t/			c /k/
	voiced	b /b/	d /d/			g /g/
Fricative	voiceless	f /φ/	θ /θ/	s /s/			ħ /ħ/	h /h~ɦ/
	voiced		δ /ð/	(z /z/)			ȝ /ʕ/
Trill				r /r/
Approximant		v /w~ʋ/	l /l/		j /j/

Notes

• Voiceless plosives /p t k/ are lightly aspirated in syllable onsets but unaspirated after /s/.
• /r/ is an alveolar trill [r] or tap [ɾ].
• /l/ is dental [l̪].
• /p, z/ are not native phonemes, only occurring in Netagin or Clofabic borrowings; [z] does occur as an allophone of /s/ in /sb, sd, sg/.
• /ʕ/ is either a pharyngeal plosive [ʡ] or an epiglottal approximant [ʕ]. The first realization is more common word-initially.

Vowels

Tigol/Proto-Tigol had a six-vowel system with a quantity distinction.

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /i/	ī /iː/	y /ÿ/	ȳ /ÿː/	u /u/	ū /uː/
Mid	e /ɛ/	ē /eː/			o /ɔ/	ō /oː/
Open			a /a/	ā /aː/

Diphthongs: ae ao ui

Notes

• /ÿ ÿː/ is close central compressed [ɨᵝ ɨːᵝ].

Phonotactics

Allowed clusters

• R = resonant X = obstruent
• Clusters allowed word-initially are in bold.

Geminates

• mm nn ll rr tt cc ss θθ

RR

• mn mr nl nv lm ln lv rl rm rn rv vl vr

RX

• nf nt nθ ns nc nħ
• mb nd nδ ng nȝ
• lf lb lt ld ls lc lg lȝ lħ
• rf rb rt rd rs rθ rδ rc rg rȝ rħ

XR

• fn tn θn cn gn ȝn ħn
• sm sn sl sr sv
• fl bl tl dl cl gl ȝl ħl
• fr br tr dr θr δr cr gr ȝr ħr

XX

• sf st sc sȝ sb sd sg
• cs ct ħs ħt

XXR

• sfr str scl scr sȝl sȝr

Phonological diachronics

Consonant correspondences

• b < PQ pʼ, b
• f < PQ p
• t < PQ t, ƛ
• d < PQ tʼ, d
• θ < PQ ł
• δ < PQ ƛʼ
• s < PQ s, c, cʼ?
• c < PQ k, kʷ
• g < PQ kʼ, g
• ȝ < PQ q, qʷ, ɢ, ɢʷ
• ħ < PQ qʼ, qʷʼ
• h < PQ h
• m < PQ m, mʼ
• n < PQ n
• l < PQ l, λ
• r < PQ z, nʼ, lʼ, yʼ, cʼ
• v < PQ w, wʼ
• j < PQ y

Cluster resolution

• tp, tb, tk, tg > rp, rb, rc, rg

Vowel reflexes

Usually:

• *a > o
• *ax̌, əx̌, ax̌ʷ > ā
• *aʔ, əx̌ʷ > ō
• *ə > e
• *i > i
• *u > u
• *ay > ȳ
• *əy > ae
• *uy > ui
• *iy, iʔ, ix > ī
• *aw > ao
• *əw > iō
• *iw > iū
• *uʔ, ux, uw > ū
• *Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ > Ca
• *Cxʷ > Co
• *Cx > Cy
• *əʔ, əx, ix̌ > ē
  • or *ix̌ > iā/ia/ea?
• *ux̌, x̌u > ō
• *axʷ, ax̌ʷ > ao
• *ix̌ʷ > iō
• *ux̌ʷ > ō
• *iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ > iā
• *əyx̌, əyx̌ʷ > eā
• *iy(ə)x > iē

Orthography

The standardized Tigol/Proto-Tigol alphabet, whose variants are also used to write other Talmic languages, is a native alphabetic script consisting of consonant and vowel letters in addition to diacritics for vowel length.

The alphabetical order is as follows:

1. R:
2. D:
3. Z:
4. I:
5. A:
6. Ħ:
7. F:
8. M:
9. L:
10. G:
11. C:
12. H:
13. B:
14. S:
15. V:
16. O:
17. J:
18. Ȝ:
19. Δ:
20. Y:
21. T:
22. N:
23. Θ:
24. P:
25. E:
26. U:

Morphology

Nouns and adjectives

Masculine nouns

δȳrom 'bird'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Indefinite	δȳrom	δyδȳrom	δȳrīs
Definite	δȳrae	δyδȳrae	δȳrinny

Possessed forms of δȳrom - 'word'
Number→ State↓	Singulative	Plurative
Construct	δȳrot	δȳror
1sg possessor	δȳrōn	δȳroryn
2sg.m possessor	δȳrossi	δȳroressi
2sg.f possessor	δȳrossy	δȳroressy
3sg.m possessor	δȳrō	δȳrory
3sg.f possessor	δȳrī	δȳrorī
3sg.n possessor	δȳra	δȳrora
1exc possessor	δȳrommo	δȳrorammo
1inc possessor	δȳront	δȳrorynt
2pl possessor	δȳrocca	δȳrorecca
3pl possessor	δȳrōr	δȳrorōr

Feminine nouns

gondā 'body'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Indefinite	gondā	gogondā	gondār
Definite	gondām	gogondām	gondāsa

Possessed forms of gondā - 'body'
Number→ State↓	Singulative	Plurative
Construct	gondāt	gondanna
1sg possessor	gondaen	gondannan
2sg.m possessor	gondaessi	gondannassi
2sg.f possessor	gondaessy	gondannassy
3sg.m possessor	gondae	gondanny
3sg.f possessor	gondaeī	gondannī
3sg.n possessor	gondaea	gondanna
1exc possessor	gondaemmo	gondannammo
1inc possessor	gondaent	gondannynt
2pl possessor	gondaecca	gondannecca
3pl possessor	gondaeōr	gondannōr

Neuter nouns

tecty 'child'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Indefinite	tecty	tetecty	tectȳn
Definite	tectys	tetectys	tectȳr

Possessed forms of tecty - 'child'
Number→ State↓	Singulative	Plurative
Construct	tectyt	tectȳsi
1sg possessor	tectyn	tectȳsin
2sg.m possessor	tectyssi	tectȳssi
2sg.f possessor	tectyssy	tectȳssy
3sg.m possessor	tectymy	tectȳsiō
3sg.f possessor	tectymī	tectȳsī
3sg.n possessor	tectyma	tectȳsia
1exc possessor	tectȳmmo	tectȳsimmo
1inc possessor	tectȳnt	tectȳsint
2pl possessor	tectȳcca	tectȳsicca
3pl possessor	tectymōr	tectȳsiōr

Mass nouns

jenā 'water' (n.)
	Singulative	Collective
Indefinite	jenā	jenenā
Definite	jenaȝes	jenenaȝes

Adjectives

The predicative form of an adjective is the indefinite singular form.

Verbs

The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of Tigol/Proto-Tigol grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:

1. switch-reference marker
2. applicative or derivational prefixes
3. object prefix
4. (prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
5. STEM
6. voice suffix
7. TAM + subject
8. emphatic suffix -is

Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic -is, which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.

Object markers

• 1sg: ni-
• 2sg: ri-
• 3sg: bi-
• 1pl.ex: mē-
• 1pl.ex: dē-
• 2pl: sē-
• 3pl: nē-

TAM + subject markers

Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices.

• Consonant stems: (-y-)
• Vowel stems: -a-, -e-, -i-, -o/u-?

The emphatic marker is usually added to declarative verbs when there is no preverbal particle:

• cacsynis = I eat
• nīs cacsyn = I do not eat

Present

Independent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussanis	torenis	cacsynis
2SG	tussaris	toreris	cacsyris
3SG.M	tussamis	toremis	cacsymis
3SG.F	tussasis	toresis	cacsysis
3SG.N	tussas	tores	cacsys
1EX	tussamēs	toremēs	cacsymēs
1IN	tussantis	torentis	cacsyntis
2PL	tussasces	toresces	cacsysces
3PL	tussatis	toretis	cacsytis

Dependent forms (shown with nīs 'not'):

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	nīs tussan	nīs toren	nīs cacsyn
2SG	nīs tussar	nīs torer	nīs cacsyr
3SG.M	nīs tussam	nīs torem	nīs cacsym
3SG.F	nīs tussasi	nīs toresi	nīs cacsysi
3SG.N	nīs tussa	nīs tore	nīs cacsy
1EX	nīs tussamē	nīs toremē	nīs cacsymē
1IN	nīs tussant	nīs torent	nīs cacsynt
2PL	nīs tussasce	nīs toresce	nīs cacsysce
3PL	nīs tussat	nīs toret	nīs cacsyt

Imperfect

Uses reduplication:

• Stems beginning in a vowel uses the first vowel (shortened) + the first following consonant as the reduplicant
• Stems beginning in ħ- or ȝ- lengthen the first vowel

Independent forms:

Person	tussanis "I beg, pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tetussanis	tetorenis
2SG	tetussaris	tetoreris
3SG.M	tetussamis	tetoremis
3SG.F	tetussasis	tetoresis
3SG.N	tetussas	tetores
1EX	tetussamēs	tetoremēs
1IN	tetussantis	tetorentis
2PL	tetussasces	tetoresces
3PL	tetussatis	tetoretis

Dependent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	nīs tetussan	nīs tetoren
2SG	nīs tetussar	nīs tetorer
3SG.M	nīs tetussam	nīs tetorem
3SG.F	nīs tetussasi	nīs tetoresi
3SG.N	nīs tetussa	nīs tetore
1EX	nīs tetussamē	nīs tetoremē
1IN	nīs tetussant	nīs tetorent
2PL	nīs tetussasce	nīs tetoresce
3PL	nīs tetussat	nīs tetoret

Preterite

Independent forms:

Person	tussanis "I beg, pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)
1SG	tussannemis	torennemis
2SG	tussarȳs	torerȳs
3SG.M	tussasmis	toresmis
3SG.F	tussastis	torestis
3SG.N	tussasos	toresos
1EX	tussameris	toremeris
1IN	tussanteris	torenteris
2PL	tussasceris	toresceris
3PL	tussateris	toreteris

Dependent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)
1SG	nīs tussannem	nīs torennem
2SG	nīs tussarȳ	nīs torerȳ
3SG.M	nīs tussasmi	nīs toresmi
3SG.F	nīs tussasti	nīs toresti
3SG.N	nīs tussaso	nīs toreso
1EX	nīs tussamer	nīs toremer
1IN	nīs tussanter	nīs torenter
2PL	nīs tussascer	nīs torescer
3PL	nīs tussater	nīs toreter

Future

Independent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)
1SG	tussatēnis	toretēnis
2SG	tussatēris	toretēris
3SG.M	tussatēmis	toretēmis
3SG.F	tussatēsis	toretēsis
3SG.N	tussatēs	toretēs
1EX	tussatēmēs	toretēmēs
1IN	tussatēntis	toretēntis
2PL	tussatēsces	toretēsces
3PL	tussatētis	toretētis

Dependent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)
1SG	nīs tussatēn	nīs toretēn
2SG	nīs tussatēr	nīs toretēr
3SG.M	nīs tussatēm	nīs toretēm
3SG.F	nīs tussatēsi	nīs toretēsi
3SG.N	nīs tussatē	nīs toretē
1EX	nīs tussatēmē	nīs toretēmē
1IN	nīs tussatēnt	nīs toretēnt
2PL	nīs tussatēsce	nīs toretēsce
3PL	nīs tussatēt	nīs toretēt

Subjunctive

torenae(s), torerae(s), toremior(is), toresior(is), torior(is), toremae(s), torentae(s), torescae(s), toretior(is)

• 1sg: -nae(s)
• 2sg: -rae(s)
• 3sg.m: -mior(is)
• 3sg.f: -sior(is)
• 3sg.n: -ior(is)
• 1ex: -mae(s)
• 1in: -ntae(s)
• 2pl: -scae(s)
• 3pl: -tior(is)

Independent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)
1SG	tussanaes	torenaes
2SG	tussaraes	toreraes
3SG.M	tussamioris	toremioris
3SG.F	tussasioris	toresioris
3SG.N	tussoris	torioris
1EX	tussamaes	toremaes
1IN	tussantaes	torentaes
2PL	tussascaes	torescaes
3PL	tussatioris	toretioris

Dependent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)
1SG	δā tussanae	δā torenae
2SG	δā tussarae	δā torerae
3SG.M	δā tussamior	δā toremior
3SG.F	δā tussasior	δā toresior
3SG.N	δā tussor	δā torior
1EX	δā tussamae	δā toretēmē
1IN	δā tussantae	δā toretēnt
2PL	δā tussascae	δā toretēsce
3PL	δā tussatior	δā toretēt

Optative

• 1sg -dun(is)?
• 2sg -dur(is)
• 3sg.m -dum(is)
• 3sg.f -dusi(s)
• 3sg.n -du(s)
• 1ex -dumā(s)
• 1in -dunt(is)
• 2pl -dusce(s)
• 3pl -dut(is)

Imperative

Independent forms:

Person	tussanis "I beg, pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)
2SG	tussās!	torēs!
1IN	tussantēs!	torentēs!
2PL	tussascēs!	torescēs!

Dependent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)
2SG	δā tussā!	δā torē!
1IN	δā tussantē!	δā torentē!
2PL	δā tussascē!	δā torescē!

Derivational morphology

• ar-, afor- = telic
• fer- = nominalizer
• ēs- = co-, together
• -ro- = passive marker
• -t- = a causative marker

Numbers

• 1: cēmym
• 2: tiθōr
• 3: narge
• 4: δaobe
• 5: salithe
• 6: stāmym
• 7: rōde
• 8: lorede
• 9: barve
• 10: ħiōr
• 11: jācēmym
• 12: naesā

Syntax

Like many of its descendants, Thensarian is almost completely head-initial (except for compounds).