User:Praimhín/Rõktiap
Rõktiap is a classical language of Rulak, with a rich tradition of literature, science and philosophy.
Introduction
Gibberish
Kkiasi ngõipma siimno nrup giis tre. Ngaimttel mroos qiim mrästrun sõõn ᴋᴋaapkõõns ȝuum? Kein mõelnarken ʜeipnõn ȝaes ȝuum quas riip drun qeik sõins priis tre. Sõeptoo dios ngääl ʜontrun qua. Ziupma ttiis rusnõs ɢõel qiupken ȝuum.
Phonology
Orthography
Rõktiap uses a syllabic alphabet called Rõktiapma Rõethar [r̝ɤktʰi̯ɒpmɒ r̝ɤɜthɒr̝̥ ~ ʒɤktʰi̯ɒpmɒ ʒɤɜthɒʃː], which resembles Hangul. The same script is used for a modern descendant called Zienruol, but not for Hʻõelmriusi, another modern descendant, which uses the Rietz alphabet.
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | voiceless aspirated | p /pʰ/ | t /tʰ/ | k /kʰ/ | ĸ /qʰ/ | q /ʔ/ |
| voiceless unaspirated | pp /p/ | tt /t/ | kk /k/ | ĸĸ /q/ | ||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /ɡ/ | ɢ /ɢ/ | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | s /s/ | ʜ /χ/ | h /h/ | ||
| voiced | z /z/ | ȝ /ʁ/ | ||||
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | |||
| Lateral | l /l/ | |||||
| Fricative trill | r /r̝/ | |||||
Nasals and liquids are devoiced in syllable codas. For example nool (wave) is pronounced [no:ɬ], and ᴋᴋurs (shoulders) is pronounced [qur̝̥s] or [qur̝̥ɕ].
Vowels
| Front | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | ||
| High | i /i/ | u /u/ | |
| Mid | e /e/ | õ /ɤ/ | o /o/ |
| Low | ä /æ/ | a /ɒ/ | |
Prosody
Stress
The first syllable of a multisyllabic word is pronounced at a slightly higher pitch, on a falling tone.
Intonation
Phonotactics
The syllable structure of Rõktiap is (C)(l/r)V(V)(C)(s).
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns inflect for case and number. There are two numbers, the singular, which is unmarked, and the plural, which uses the suffix -i for nouns ending in s and -s otherwise. For example:
- qiim (flower), qiims (flowers)
- ᴋol (language), ᴋols (languages)
- ʜeik (shark), ʜeiks (sharks)
- lias (mound), liasi (mounds)
- ttões (beaver), ttõesi (beavers)
There are 18 cases in Rõktiap:
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | qiim | qiims |
| Accusative | qiimken | qiimsken |
| Genitive | qiimma | qiimsma |
| Dative | qiimtoo | qiimstoo |
| Instrumental | qiimtrun | qiimstrun |
| Equative | qiimttin | qiimsttin |
| Adessive | qiimnõs | qiimsnõs |
| Ablative | qiimnõn | qiimsnõn |
| Illative | qiimbo | qiimsbo |
| Inessive | qiimhos | qiimshos |
| Elative | qiimhon | qiimshon |
| Sublative | qiimzaat | qiimszaat |
| Superessive | qiimʜes | qiimsʜes |
| Delative | qiimʜen | qiimsʜen |
| Translative | qiimttel | qiimsttel |
| Benefactive | qiimro | qiimsro |
| Causal | qiimkõns | qiimskõns |
| Terminative | qiimᴋip | qiimsᴋip |
Pronouns
The first person and second person pronouns are dii and kein, which pluralize to diis and keins.
Here are the other pronouns:
| Pronoun | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Animate proximate | kir | kirs |
| Inanimate proximate | käl | käls |
| Obviative | za | zas |
| Animate interrogative | põi | põis |
| Inanimate interrogative | pel | pels |
| Animate relative | sum | sums |
| Inanimate relative | suul | suuls |
Verbs
There are only two verbs in Rõktiap: qua (to do) and tre (to be). These are extremely irregular, and tre is defective in that it doesn't have progressive forms:
| Simple | Progressive | Perfect | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Past | ȝuum | ȝuon | ȝiums drun |
| Present | qua | quan | ȝiums tre |
| Future | uᴋor | uᴋõn | ȝiums nrup |
| Simple | Perfect | |
|---|---|---|
| Past | drun | triis drun |
| Present | tre | triis tre |
| Future | nrup | triis nrup |
Rõktiap often relies on circumlocutions for many verbs that can't be translated directly from English or other Rulakian languages:
- Dii·nõn kein·too ttos tre.
- 1SG.ABL 2SG.DAT love be.PRES
- I love you.
- Ttões·ma ʜõip·s·hos qiup qiim tre.
- beaver.GEN eye.PL.INESS one flower be.PRES
- The beaver sees a flower.
- Buot·no·ma ɢaim·s·bo qiup säi ʜeik ȝuum.
- brain.AGENT.GEN hand.PL.ILL one big shark do.PAST
- The scholar caught a big shark.
- Hʻeik ngiäl·ttel ȝuum, qeik buotno "Quõi"·ttin drun.
- shark earth-TRANSL do.PAST, CONJ scholar "Wow".EQU be.PAST
- The shark died, and the scholar said "Wow".
Syntax
Constituent order
Rõktiap is almost completely head-final, except for complementizer phrases, such as those using the word lo (whether, interrogative marker) and met (if), which are head-initial.