Tigol/Proto-Tigol
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Tigol/Proto-Tigol-English lexicon
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Tigol/Proto-Tigol | |
---|---|
θensārimem | |
Pronunciation | [/θensaːrimem/] |
Created by | IlL |
Setting | Hussmauch |
Extinct | 220 v.T. |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | qth |
Tigol/Proto-Tigol is the the ancestor of most living Talmic languages, including Tíogall and Nurian. It is inspired aesthetically by Proto-Celtic and Latin, and grammatically by Semitic, Ancient Greek and Native American languages. Important texts in Thensarian include ancient Talmic sagas and some early scientific texts.
Todo
Explain those clusters from PQ clusters
- ȝastranis = 'laugh'
- gīθonis = 'fall'
Notes on notation
Glossary
- ~: cognate to
Background
- See also: Proto-Talmic.
Phonology
Consonants
Tigol/Proto-Tigol used 18 consonants (only two more than Phormatolidin).
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Radical | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | [ŋ] | |||||
Plosive | voiceless | t /t/ | c /k/ | [ʡ] | ||||
voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | |||||
Fricative | voiceless | φ /φ/ | θ /θ/ | s /s/ | ħ /ħ/ | h /h/ | ||
voiced | δ /ð/ | [z] | ȝ /ʕ/ | |||||
Trill | r /r/ | |||||||
Approximant | v /ʋ/ | l /l/ | j /j/ |
- Notes
- Voiceless plosives /p t k/ are lightly aspirated in syllable onsets but are unaspirated after /s/. They're always unaspirated in certain areas.
- [ŋ] occurs as an allophone of /n/ before velars /k, g/.
- /r/ is an alveolar trill [r] or tap [ɾ].
- /l/ is dental [l̪].
- [z] occurs as an allophone of /s/ in /sb, sd, sg/.
- /ʕ/ is either a radical plosive [ʡ] or a radical approximant [ʕ]. The first realization is more common word-initially.
Vowels
Tigol/Proto-Tigol had a six-vowel system with a quantity distinction.
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | short | long | |
Close | i /i/ | ī /iː/ | y /ÿ/ | ȳ /ÿː/ | u /u/ | ū /uː/ |
Mid | e /ɛ/ | ē /eː/ | o /ɔ/ | ō /oː/ | ||
Open | a /a/ | ā /aː/ |
Diphthongs: ae ao ui
- Notes
- /ÿ ÿː/ is close central compressed [ɨᵝ ɨːᵝ].
Stress
Stress is word-initial, ignoring some unstressed prefixes such as pronominal object prefixes.
Phonotactics
Allowed clusters
- R = resonant X = obstruent
- Clusters allowed word-initially are in bold.
Geminates
- mm nn ll rr φφ tt cc ss θθ
RR
- mn mr nl nv lm ln lv rl rm rn rv vl vr
RX
- mφ nt nθ ns nc nħ
- mb nd nδ ng nȝ
- lφ lb lt ld ls lc lg lȝ lħ
- rφ rb rt rd rs rθ rδ rc rg rȝ rħ
XR
- φn bn tn θn cn gn ȝn ħn
- sm sn sl sr sv
- φl bl tl dl cl gl ȝl ħl
- φr br tr dr θr δr cr gr ȝr ħr
XX
- sφ st sc sȝ sb sd sg
- cs ct ħs ħt
XXR
- sφr str scl scr sȝl sȝr
Phonological diachronics
Consonant correspondences
- b < PQ pʼ, b
- φ < PQ p
- t < PQ t, ƛ
- d < PQ tʼ, d
- θ < PQ ł
- δ < PQ ƛʼ
- s < PQ s, c, cʼ?
- c < PQ k, kʷ
- g < PQ kʼ, g
- ȝ < PQ q, qʷ, ɢ, ɢʷ
- ħ < PQ qʼ, qʷʼ
- h < PQ h
- m < PQ m, mʼ
- n < PQ n
- l < PQ l, λ
- r < PQ z, nʼ, lʼ, yʼ, cʼ
- v < PQ w, wʼ
- j < PQ y
Cluster resolution
- tp, tb, tk, tg > rφ, rb, rc, rg
Vowel reflexes
Usually:
- *a > o
- *ax̌, əx̌, ax̌ʷ > ā
- *aʔ, əx̌ʷ > ō
- *ə > e
- *i > i
- *u > u
- *ay > ȳ
- *əy > ae
- *uy > ui
- *iy, iʔ, ix > ī
- *aw > ao
- *əw > iō
- *iw > iū
- *uʔ, ux, uw > ū
- *Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ > Ca
- *Cxʷ > Co
- *Cx > Cy
- *əʔ, əx, ix̌ > ē
- or *ix̌ > iā/ia/ea?
- *ux̌, x̌u > ō
- *axʷ, ax̌ʷ > ao
- *ix̌ʷ > iō
- *ux̌ʷ > ō
- *iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ > iā
- *əyx̌, əyx̌ʷ > eā
- *iy(ə)x > iē
Orthography
Alphabetical order: R D I A Ħ Φ M L G C H B S V O J Ȝ Δ Y T N Θ E U
Morphology
- Main article: Thensarian/Morphology
Syntax
Like many of its descendants, Thensarian is almost completely head-initial (except for compounds).
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Sequences of tenses are important in Thensarian grammar.