Wistanian/Lexicon

This is the WIP lexicon for the language of Wistanian. Entries are still being added, slowly but surely.

A

a [ˈa]

1. mn. a vowel letter in the Wistanian alphabet, which represents the /a/ sound and its allophones.
2. part. question particle when expressed after a sentence. (Q)
3. part. if, conditional particle when expressed before a verb. (COND)

abaiyi [əˈbai̯ji]

1. cn. dream esp. while asleep
2. v. to dream at night
   • STA to be delusional, crazy, a romantic
   • DUR to be dreaming

abazi [əˈbazi]

1. mn. all other things, the rest of something

abbin [əˈpin]

1. apendage, finger/toe

adan [ˈadən]

1. part. habitual particle, expressed before the verb to indicate that the subject normally preforms the action (HAB)

adda [ˈatə]

1. v. to give birth
   • STA to be a mother
   • DUR to give birth

addyaara [ətˈjeɾə]

1. v. to combine
   • STA to be combined; to be mixed
   • DUR to combine; to mix together

aggil [əˈkil]

1. mn. pain

agima [ˈaɡɪmə]

1. v. to stir, mix
   • STA to be stirred, mixed.
   • DUR to stir

ajal [əˈʒal]

1. cn. something that is necessary or essential; an important part

ajidi [əˈʒidi]

1. v. to escape
   • STA to be an escapee or refugee
   • DUR to escape

ajma [ˈaʒmə]

1. cn. spirits that most Wistanians believe in and some worship. Credited with creating the worlds, including their own.

aju [ˈaʒɯ]

1. v. to sneeze
   • STA to be sick
     • This is not the only term for being sick, and specifically refers to a sickness that is mostly sinus-related.
   • DUR sneezing

alali [əˈlali]

1. v. to run
   • STA to be under the effects of running, to be tired or exhausted from running
   • DUR to run; to run toward

alaudd [əˈlɑt]

1. cn. something tall or high
2. cn. Power; the highest government official in Wistanian politics. There are ten powers residing in the ten capital cities that meet together every nine days to make decisions of national importance.

ali [əˈli]

1. cn. something that is great or exceedingly good.

ama [ˈamə]

1. cn. a twin
   • When used as a subordinate noun, means "like" or "similar."

jinu va bbiji ama.
jinu va  bbiji ama  na   luz.
sun  COP ball  twin POSS yellow.
"The sun is like a yellow ball."
/"The sun is a ball twin that has yellow."

ami [əˈmi]

1. cn. friend

ana [ˈanə]

1. v. to be better than; to exceed
   • STA to be better than; to exceed
   • DUR to become better than; to catch up or match up

anam [əˈnam]

1. cn. chin

angi [ˈaŋɡi]

1. mn. a pair of eyes. (Use angi lin to refer to just one eye.)

ani [əˈni]

1. mn. language, speech
2. mn. the Wistanian language (colloquial)

anigalilaun [əˈniɡəˌlilɑn]

1. mn. the Wistanian language (lit. "Peace Language")

anwu [ˈanwu]

1. cn. buttocks

aram [ˈaɾəm]

1. cn. dish (refers to both plates and bowls)

aru [əˈrɯ]

1. cn. wave

aruni [əˈɾɯni]

1. v. to wake, be alert, not asleep.
   • STA to be awake
   • DUR to wake up
2. cn. reality, the real world.
   • lu ddal aruni: "You're in the real world."

azabbar [əzəˈpaɾ]

1. mn. heat lighting
   • not to be confused with ddarun, which refers to lightning in a storm

azavi [əˈzavi]

1. v. to pick up; to hold
   • STA to hold; to carry
     • When talking about carrying something to a place, a Wistanian would use the construction take.to-DUR ACC place INTR arms/shoulders.
   • DUR to pick up

azidi [əˈzidi]

1. mn. oil; grease

AA

aa [ˈe]

1. mn. a sound in the Wistanian alphabet belonging to the vowel group.
2. part. accusative particle, featured before the direct object of a transitive verb. (ACC)

aayau [ˈejɑ]

1. cn. sea

AI

aidun [ˈai̯dɯn]

1. n. hill, hump

AU

au [ˈɑ]

1. mn. a sound in the Wistanian alphabet belonging to the vowel group.
2. cn. the color gray
3. cn. an old person or thing; an antique

audi [ˈɑdi]

1. cn. grandfather

augu [ˈɑɡɯ]

1. cn. something bad or of low quality

augwil [ˈɑɡwil]

1. mn. vomit

aujyam [ˈɑʒjəm]

1. cn. grandchild

aula [ˈɑlə]

1. mn. fat; grissle
2. v. to be fat; to gain weight
   • STA to be fat
   • DUR to gain weight, become fat

aumi [ˈɑmi]

1. cn. grandmother

aunaz [ˈɑnəz]

1. mn. a set of ears (use aunaz lin to refer to just one ear.)

auril [ˈɑɾil]

1. cn. mouth
2. cn. spicket; faucet

auv [ˈɑv]

1. part. during; when
   • This word always begins a temporal clause

auvi [ˈɑvi]

1. cn. bird

auwina [ˈɑwɪnə]

1. v. to have (esp. alienably); to possess
   • STA to own; to be an owner of
   • DUR to buy; to obtain

auyi [ˈɑji] / [ɑˈji]

1. interj. hello, greetings
   • Stress can land on either syllable depending on the dialect of the speaker.

auzdda [ˈɑztə]

1. cn. head
2. cn. top (of something)
3. cn. peak (of a mountain)

auzi [ˈɑzi]

1. pro. he; she; animate third singular nominative (3Sa.NOM); animate third singular accusative (3Sa.ACC)
   • used for living people and most domesticated animals (including cattle)

auzin [ˈɑzɪn]

1. pro. they; them; animate third plural nominative (3Pa.NOM); animate third plural accusative (3Pa.ACC)
   • used for living people and most domesticated animals (including cattle)

auzna [ˈɑznə]

1. cn. black

B

bani [ˈbani]

1. v. to make, to form
   • STA being a maker
   • DUR being in the process of making
   • ATEL wasting one's time
   • TEL making, forming

bari [ˈbaɾi]

1. v. to lose, to fail
   • STA being a failure/loser
   • DUR being in the process of losing
   • ATEL losing
     • This verb does not have a telic form, since losing is not considered as an accomplishment.

baujazaa [bɑʒəˈze]

1. n. culture; way of living

baul [ˈbɑl]

1. n. stone; rock

baun [ˈbɑn]

1. m. no, not
2. part. indicates negativity (NEG)

bauvindi [bɑˈvindi]

1. n. opponent
   • A contraction of bau (no) and vindi (partner)

bayuz [ˈbajɯz]

1. n. sickness, illness

bayuza [ˈbajɯzə]

1. v. to be sick, to show signs of sickness
   • STA being sick
   • DUR becoming sick

bi [ˈbi]

1. mod. good; of high-quality

bima [ˈbimə]

1. v. to fall; to descend; to go downward
   • STA being fallen; having fell
   • DUR descending
   • ATEL precipitating
     • often used to descibe mass nouns, such as rice or ash, falling
   • TEL falling

bini [ˈbini]

1. n. penis

bu [ˈbɯ]

1. v. to stand
   • STA standing
   • DUR being in the process of standing up
   • TEL standing up

bud [ˈbɯd]

1. n. leg
   • this word can be used to mean either one legs or both legs.

BB

bba [ˈpa]

1. n. trash; a worthless item or idea

bbaana [ˈpenə]

1. v. to twist or screw
   • STA being twisted; having been twisted
   • DUR being in the process of twisting
   • ATEL spinning
   • TEL twisting something in

bbaggujila [pəˈkɯʒilə]

1. v. to form; to make from clay or rock
   • STA being formed, made
   • DUR being in the process of forming, esp. from clay or rock
   • TEL forming, esp. from clay or rock

bbal [ˈpal]

1. part. but; contrasting coordinative particle (CCO)

bbaulu [ˈpɑlɯ]

1. v. grow
   • STA being grown
   • DUR growing
   • ATEL expanding
   • TEL coming near completion, growing until a certain point

bbauri [ˈpɑɾi]

1. n. taunt; threat
2. v. to taunt; to threaten
   • STA being taunted, threatened
   • DUR being in the process of taunting, threatening
   • ATEL to threaten without intent to follow through
   • TEL to threaten with intent to follow thorugh

bbinai [pɪˈnai̯]

1. n. corpse; dead body

bbiraru [pɪˈɾaɾɯ]

1. v. to close; to block
   • STA being closed or blocked
   • DUR being in the process of closing or blocking
   • ATEL attempting to close or block, but failing
   • TEL closing; blocking

D

daam [ˈdem]

1. n. time period; era; phase

daara [ˈdeɾə]

1. n. a letter in the Wistanian alphabet that represents /d/.

daaya [ˈdejə]

1. part. should; deontic mood marker.
   • denotes an action that should happen, whether by obligation or logical progression. It's like a stronger hypothetical particle. The verb head of a deontic particle is always conjugated for the irrealis mood.

daddi [ˈdati]

1. n. beard

daihag [ˈdai̯ɦə̤ɡ]

1. n. flesh

daji [ˈdaʒi]

1. n. cave
2. v. to hide, esp. oneself
   • STA being hidden
   • DUR looking for a spot to hide, going to hide
   • ATEL trying (and usually failing) to hide or escape
   • TEL hiding

dami

1. n. a traditional Wistanian garb composed of a center waist belt, shoulder straps, and a long skirt

damun [dəˈmɯn]

1. mod. different; other

danaru [ˈdanəˌɾɯ]

1. n. an itch
2. n. an annoying person or situation

daran [ˈdaɾən]

1. n. older brother
2. n. older male cousin

darauna [dəˈɾɑnə]

1. v. to control
   • STA being in control
   • DUR taking control

dari [dəˈɾi]

1. n. boy; male child

daridd [dəˈɾit]

1. mass n. rain

davagg [dəˈvak]

1. n. object, thing
2. n. (in grammar) noun

daz [ˈdaz]

1. n. man

dazji [ˈdazʒi]

1. v. to give; to offer
   • STA being given
   • DUR being in the process of giving
   • ATEL offering
   • TEL giving

dibb [ˈdip]

1. mod. sad; sadly

din [ˈdin]

1. n. three
2. n. middle finger

dindi [dɪnˈdi]

1. n. tooth

diri [ˈdiɾi]

1. part. because of; due to; causative particle
   • marks the reason for which something is done involitionally
2. n. reason; cause

diyan [ˈdijən]

1. n. juice

divu [ˈdivɯ]

1. n. tree

dul [ˈdɯl]

1. n. body
2. n. the entirety of a object or subject

dula [ˈdɯlə]

1. v. to put on (esp. clothes)
   • STA wearing
   • DUR being in the process of putting on
   • TEL putting on
2. v. to prepare, get ready
   • STA being prepared, ready
   • DUR getting prepared, ready
   • TEL preparing

duvij [ˈdɯviʒ]

1. n. hole (esp. in the ground or one with a bottom)
   • distinct from yaadd, which refers to holes without bottoms or that can be seen through

DD

ddaimal [ˈtai̯mɑl]

1. n. tongue

ddal [ˈtal]

1. part. where; locative copulative/relative particle
   • indicated the location of the head

ddaliv [təˈliv]

1. n. one of the main Wistanian people groups, concentrated in the center mountain range
2. n. the language from which Wistanian was mostly derived
3. mod. of or from the Taliv people, culture, or language

ddanal [ˈtanəl]

1. n. area; region; location
   • the locative particle and inessive suffix, ddal, is derived from this word.

ddarun [təˈrɯn]

1. n. lighting; thunder (esp. in a storm)
   • not to be confused with azabbar, which refers to heat lightning

ddiglu [ˈtiɡlɯ]

1. n. plant (includes flowers, grasses, bushes and trees)

ddina [ˈtinə]

1. n. lake; sea; any large body of water surrounded by land

ddiyari [ˈtijəɾi]

1. n. the truth

dduba [ˈtɯbə]

1. n. spit

ddudiya [ˈtɯdijə]

1. n. rock

G

gaara [ˈɡeɾə]

1. n. a letter in the Wistanian alphabet that represents /g/.

gabba [ˈɡapə]

1. v. to yawn
   • this verb only appears in the atelic.

gabud [ɡəˈbɯd]

1. n. idea, thing

gadil [ɡəˈdil]

1. n. forest

gai [ˈɡai̯]

1. n. arm

galibu [ˈɡalɪbɯ]

1. v. to surround, to encircle
2. STA being in a circle around; surrounding
3. DUR circling around; being in the process of surrounding
4. ATEL doing something in circles
5. TEL surrounding
   • The stative, durative, and telic forms of this verb imply a large number or quantity of things are preforming the action. The atelic form assumes only one or a few of a thing, inadequate to truly surround the patient.

galil [ɡəˈlil]

1. n. calm

galilaun [ɡəˈlilɑn]

1. n. peace (lit. "the idea of calm")

galnad [ˈɡalnəd]

1. n. wood; firewood

galu [ɡəˈlɯ]

1. n. light

ganari [ɡəˈnaɾi]

1. n. vagina

garamaug [ˈɡarəˌmɑɡ]

1. n. a strong dog-like creature, often tamed by the Wistanians to carry large loads.

garauda [ɡəˈɾɑdə]

1. n. food

garauvi [ɡəˈɾɑvi]

1. n. water
2. n. liquid
3. n. a risky situation
4. mod. prone to change often; untrustworthy

gari [ˈɡaɾi]

1. v. to work; to think
   • STA being in work; being in thought
   • This verb, always in the stative, uses to context to distinguish between working on something externally and working on something internally (thinking).

gaudu [ˈɡɑdɯ]

1. n. elbow

gauga [ˈɡɑɡə]

1. n. river

gaujani [ˈɡɑʒəni]

1. n. animal

gaulaz [ˈɡɑləz]

1. n. cup

gauna [ˈɡɑnə]

1. v. to drink
   • STA being one who has drunk
   • DUR being in the process of drinking
   • ATEL putting in mouth and spitting out
   • TEL drinking

gaunda [ˈɡɑndə]

1. n. shoulder
2. v. to carry over shoulder
   • ATEL holding over the shoulder (does not include destination)
   • TEL transporting something over the shoulder (includes destination)

gaunu [ˈɡɑnɯ]

1. n. fish

gaunvi [ˈɡɑnvi]

1. v. to believe
   • STA being religious, opinionated
   • DUR becoming convinced

gaurad [ˈɡɑɾəd]

1. mod. short; low

gi [ˈɡi]

1. n. the past
   • 'auv gi: "during the past"; "earlier"

gilad [ˈɡiləd]

1. n. salt

gin [ˈɡin]

1. n. road
   • Many Wistanian roads are named with a ⟨-gin⟩ suffix.

gizima [ˈɡizɪmə]

1. v. to give up, surrender
   • STA being one who has surrendered
   • DUR being in the process of surrendering
   • TEL surrendering

guddi [ˈɡɯti]

1. n. hammer

gumu [ˈɡɯmɯ]

1. v. to cook, esp. from scratch
   • STA being cooked
   • DUR being in the process of cooking
   • TEL cooking

GG

ggaddabbu' [kəˈtapɯ]

1. n. a Wistanian people group that reside in the northeast corner of the Wistanian island.
   • See Katapu

ggarani [kəˈrani]

1. mod. large, grand

ggarimalun [kəɾɪməˈlɯn]

1. n. a large island

ggauda [ˈkɑdə]

1. v. to create
   • STA having been created
   • DUR being in the process of creating
   • ATEL to put together halfway or unwell
   • TEL creating

ggaug [ˈkɑɡ]

1. n. skull; cranium

ggaujaa [ˈkɑʒe]

1. mod. together

ggaulav [ˈkɑləv]

1. n. sweat, perpiration
   • ggauda ggaulav: to sweat (lit. "make sweat")

ggaun [ˈkɑn]

1. part. for; benefactive objective particle BEN
   • Marks the reason for which something is done volitionally.

ggazirum [kəzɪˈɾɯm]

1. n. way of life; culture

ggiv [ˈkiv]

1. n. vessel; container

gguji [ˈkɯʒi]

1. n. stick

H

ha [ˈɣa̤]

1. n. the present moment
   • auv ha: now

haaggu [ˈɣe̤kɯ]

1. n. insult
2. v. to insult, make fun of
   • STA being insulted
   • DUR saying an insult (in progress)
   • ATEL hurling insults, consistently making fun
   • TEL insulting

haayi [ˈɣe̤ji]

1. n. air
2. n. (when used with possessive) breath
3. v. to breathe
   • STA being breathing; being alive
   • DUR breathing in or out; inhaling or exhaling
     • haaya dulwi: breathing in; inhaling (lit. breathing into the body)
     • haaya duligza: breathing out; exhaling (lit. breathing away from the body)
   • ATEL breathing
   • TEL sighing

haayiluvi [ˈɣe̤jɪˌlɯvi]

1. n. fog
   • contraction of haayi (air) + luvi (cloud)

hadan [ˈɣa̤dən]

1. mod. sure; surely

hadu [ɣa̤dɯ]

1. v. to know; to learn; to figure out; to recall/remember
   • STA knowing
   • DUR learning
   • ATEL remembering; recalling
   • TEL finding out

hanad [ˈɣa̤nəd]

1. n. pot; pan; any type of cooking vessel

hi ['ɣi̤]

1. v. to be; to exist; to become; to go
   • STA existing
     • hiya vanid: There is a tower (lit. a tower exists)
   • DUR becoming; going

hil [ˈɣi̤l]

1. n. a letter in the Wistanian alphabet which represents the /ɦ/ sound and its allophones.

hili [ˈɣi̤li]

1. n. an unborn child; fetus
   • Colloquially used for someone who is feeling very comfortable or warm.

hina [ˈɣinə]

1. n. west
2. n. left
3. v. to set, esp. the sun
   • STA having been set
     • hiniya jinu: It is night-time; the sun has set
   • DUR setting

hu [ˈɣɯ̤]

1. n. dust

humbi [ˈɣɯ̤mbi]

1. n. all time; forever
   • auv humbi: always; all the time

huz [ˈɣɯ̤z]

1. n. place or area, esp. one with a designated purpose
   • huz viga: eating place

I

i [ˈi]

1. n. A letter in the Wistanian alphabet belonging to the vowel group that represents /i/ and its allophones.
2. mod. tiny, miniscule
3. part. or, alternative coordinating conjunction (ALTCO)
   • featured before each item in a list of options. E.g., i dari i lari (*or boy or girl)

ibiz [ɪˈbiz]

1. part. a modal particle that denotes an action or state might happen.

id [ˈid]

1. mod. this; PROX
2. n. this; here

idda [ˈitə]

1. n. land; property

ihili [ɪˈɦi̤li]

1. v. to be joyful; to cheer up; to laugh
   • STA to be joyful
   • DUR to cheer up
   • ATEL to laugh

ija [ˈiʒə]

1. v. to urinate; to pee
   • This verb is only present in an atelic form.

iju [ˈiʒɯ]

1. n. mud

il [ˈil]

1. part. an object particle to denote the tools with which an action is done. INSTR
2. part. an object particle which marks the theme of the verbs "give" and "send".

ila [ˈilə]

1. v. to shine
   • STA to be shining
   • DUR to become bright
   • TEL to brighten

ilam [ˈiləm]

1. mod. young
   • primarily modifies adult people/animals and objects.

ilau [ˈilɑ]

1. n. child (esp. 2-9 years of age)
   • ilau ilam (young child) is not grammatical. A proper translation is ilau min.

ilavija [ˈiləˌviʒə]

1. v. to be by oneself; to escape or leave a crowd
   • STA be alone, by one's self
   • DUR becoming alone; leaving a group
   • TEL to leave another person to be alone.
   • ATEL to attempt to leave a crowd and be alone

ildi [ˈildi]

1. mod. deaf
2. v. to be deaf
   • STA being deaf

ilduwad [ˈildɯβʷəd]

1. n. possession(s); that which one has.
   • always used with a possessive

 ja yau ilduwad va zi.
 ja  -a    yau    ilduwad    va  zi
 want-ATEL 1S.NOM possession COP 3S.POSS
 "I want what he has." / "I want his possessions."

iliz [ɪˈliz]

1. mod. light (i.e., not heavy)

ilu [ˈilɯ]

1. v. to see; to look
   • STA to see
   • DUR to look on; to watch
   • ATEL to look at

im [ˈim]

1. n. a letter in the Wistanian alphabet that represents /m/.

imalun [ɪməˈlɯn]

1. n. a small island

imaun [ɪˈmɑn]

1. n. an uncle or aunt by marriage

imi [ˈimi]

1. n. fire; flames
2. v. to light; to set on fire; to ignite
   • STA to be on fire
   • DUR to be burned
   • TEL to burn (in an amount of time)
   • ATEL to burn (for an amount of time)

in [ˈin]

1. n. a letter in the Wistanian alphabet that represents /n/.

inam [ɪˈnam]

1. mod. true; real; existing

inara [ɪˈnaɾə]

1. v. to trip; to stumble
   • STA to be on the floor from a trip/stumble
   • DUR to be in the process of tripping
   • TEL to trip
   • ATEL to mess up; make mistakes; stumble

inja [ˈinʒə]

1. v. to search for; to find
   • STA to be a searcher
   • STA to be in process of searching for something
   • TEL to find
   • ATEL to search for

 inja dari aa garauda.
 inja      -a    dari aa  garauda.
 search.for-ATEL boy  ACC food.
 "The boy(s) searched for food.

iriya [ˈiɾijə]

1. n. love; affection
   • "to love" is often phrased as dazji il iriya.

 dazjiya yau liv il iriya.
 dazji-iya yau    liv    il    iriya.
 give -STA 1S.NOM 2S.ACC INSTR love.
 "I love you" (Lit. "I give you with love.") 

iv [ˈiv]

1. hon. an honorific applied to one's mother or aunt by blood.

ivaun [ɪˈvɑn]

1. n. lock

ivi [ˈivi]

1. hon. an honorific applied to one's grandmother.

idau [ˈidɑ]

1. mod. that over there; DIST
2. n. that thing or place over there

idi [ˈidi]

1. mod that; MED
2. n. that thing or place

iyini [ˈijɪni]

1. v. to finish; to end
   • STA to be finished
   • DUR to be in the process of finishing
   • TEL to end
   • ATEL to close or shut down

iz [ˈiz]

1. hon. an honorif applied to an adult inferior

izab [ˈizəb]

1. n. back (of a person, animal, or object)

izayaagga [ɪzəˈjekə]

1. n. battle
   • n. pl. (izayaaggan) war

J

juna [ˈʒɯnə]

1. v. to dig or bury
   • STA being buried
   • DUR digging
   • ATEL digging
   • TEL burying

L

lauvu [ˈlɑvɯ]

1. mod. tired, weary, esp. after hard work or strain

M

maliya [məˈlijə]

1. n. mountain

N

nara [ˈnaɾə]

1. mass n. star, stars
   • when referring to the mass of stars in the sky, ⟨r⟩ is usually a trilled /r/.

R

Note: Word-initial ⟨r⟩ can be pronounced as either [r], [ɾ], or [d] depending on context. For the purpose of this dictionary, all pronunciations will begin with [r].

ravu [rəˈvɯ]

1. mod. fast, quick, quickly

U

ujadi [ɯˈʒadi]

1. n. house

V

vi [ˈvi]

1. pro. it, inanimate third person, singular, nominative pronoun (3Si.NOM)
2. pro. its, inanimate third person, singular, possessive pronoun (3Si.POSS)
3. mod. all, every

W

waaza [ˈβʷezə]

1. mod. important, valuable

waugi [ˈβʷɑɡi]

1. n. shade, shadow

Y

yum [ˈjɯm]

1. n. the present moment
   • auv yum: now (during the present moment)

Z

zadungarauvi [zəˈdɯnɡəˌɾɑvi]

1. n. shore (lit. "water line")