Eighth edition lekma
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A short introduction
To know more of languages through a miniture language is the reason why lekma,/ˈleχmɐ/ has been/is being made.
A sentence in lekma is consist of, an interjection/connective + adverbial phrase + agent x object x verb + adverbial phrase + a complement(subject/topic) x a particle(, is it? thing).
Phonology
- Graphemes of each phonemes are listed below.
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Retroflex | Alveolo-palatal | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Epiglottal | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m m |
n n |
ɳ nr |
ɲ nh |
ŋ un,-nn |
||||||||
| Plosive | p b ff,b b,rb |
t d tt,t,d d,rd |
k g k,c c,rc |
ʔ kk | |||||||||
| Affricate | t͡s tz |
ʈ͡ʂ tr |
t͡ɕ th |
||||||||||
| Fricative | f f |
θ cz |
s s |
ʂ sr |
ɕ sh |
χ -k,ch |
ɦ hh | ||||||
| Approximant | ʋ v |
j i- |
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| Trill | ʀ hr |
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| Flap or tap | ɾ -r,-rr- |
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| Lateral app. | l l |
ʎ lh |
Vowels
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i y i ü |
ɯ u û u | |||
| Close-mid | e ø e ö |
o o | |||
| Open-mid | ʌ ô | ||||
| Near-open | ɐ â |
||||
| Open | ä a |
Morpheme/Particle of nouns
| noun root | word | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| the agent of a transitive verb | the subject/locative of an intransitive verb | the direct/indirect object of a verb | possessive form | plural form | plural possessive form | ||
| *ac/ʔɐk/ | sac/sɐk/ | nac/nɐk/ | ac/ʔɐk/ | ács/ʔäks/ | sácen,nácen,ácen/ʔäːgen/ | ácens/ʔäːgens/ | I |
| *üe/ʔyː/ | sü/syː/ | nü/nyː/ | üe/ʔyː/ | ües/ʔyːs/ | süen,nüen,üen/ʔyːen/ | üens/ʔyːens/ | You |
| *hhia/ɦiä/ | íasaé/ɦiänsäe/ | íanaé/ɦiänäe/ | hhia/ɦiä/ | ías/ɦiäs/ | sian,nian,ían/ɦiän/ | íans/ɦiäns/ | They |
| *kkae/ʔae/ | aesaé/ʔaesäe/ | aenaé/ʔaenäe/ | àe/ʔae/ | àes/ʔais/ | saen,naen,àen/ʔain/ | àens/ʔaens/ | Thing |
Morpheme/Particle of verbs
| verb root | verbal form | verbal subjunctive form | verbal connective form | noun-like form | word | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present/habitual | the motion is in the future | -ing, /if thing | the motion is incomplete | the motion is completed | ||
| *sel/sel/ | ser/sel/,[seɾ] | seat/seɦät/ | sád/säːt/ | selínde/selindɐ/ | selínt/selint/ | be |
| *bal/bäl/ | bar/bäl/,[bäɾ] | baat/bäɦät/ | bád/bäːt/ | balínde/bälindɐ/ | balínt/bälint/ | have |
| *tel/tel/ | ter/tel/,[teɾ] | teat/teɦät/ | tád/täːt/ | telínde/telindɐ/ | telínt/telint/ | hang,raise |