Eighth edition lekma

A short introduction

To know more of languages through a miniture language is the reason why lekma,/ˈleχmɐ/ has been/is being made.

A sentence in lekma is consist of, an interjection/connective + adverbial phrase + agent x object x verb + adverbial phrase + a complement(subject/topic) x a particle(, is it? thing).

Phonology

• Graphemes of each phonemes are listed below.

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Epiglottal	Glottal
Nasal	m m			n n		ɳ nr		ɲ nh	ŋ un,-nn
Plosive	p b ff,b b,rb			t d tt,t,d d,rd					k g k,c c,rc				ʔ kk
Affricate				t͡s tz		ʈ͡ʂ tr	t͡ɕ th
Fricative		f f	θ cz	s s		ʂ sr	ɕ sh			χ -k,ch			ɦ hh
Approximant		ʋ v						j i-
Trill										ʀ hr
Flap or tap				ɾ -r,-rr-
Lateral app.				l l				ʎ lh

Vowels

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	i y i ü				ɯ u û u
Close-mid	e ø e ö				o o
Open-mid					ʌ ô
Near-open			ɐ â
Open			ä a

Morpheme/Particle of nouns

noun root							word
	the agent of a transitive verb	the subject/locative of an intransitive verb	the direct/indirect object of a verb	possessive form	plural form	plural possessive form
*ac/ʔɐk/	sac/sɐk/	nac/nɐk/	ac/ʔɐk/	ács/ʔäks/	sácen,nácen,ácen/ʔäːgen/	ácens/ʔäːgens/	I
*üe/ʔyː/	sü/syː/	nü/nyː/	üe/ʔyː/	ües/ʔyːs/	süen,nüen,üen/ʔyːen/	üens/ʔyːens/	You
*hhia/ɦiä/	íasaé/ɦiänsäe/	íanaé/ɦiänäe/	hhia/ɦiä/	ías/ɦiäs/	sian,nian,ían/ɦiän/	íans/ɦiäns/	They (singular)
*kkae/ʔae/	aesaé/ʔaesäe/	aenaé/ʔaenäe/	àe/ʔae/	àes/ʔais/	saen,naen,àen/ʔain/	àens/ʔaens/	Thing

Morpheme/Particle of verbs

verb root	verbal form	verbal subjunctive form	verbal connective form	noun-like form		word
	present/habitual	the motion is in the future	-ing, /if thing	the motion is incomplete	the motion is completed
*sel/sel/	ser/sel/,[seɾ]	seat/seɦät/	sád/säːt/	selínde/selindɐ/	selínt/selint/	be
*bal/bäl/	bar/bäl/,[bäɾ]	baat/bäɦät/	bád/bäːt/	balínde/bälindɐ/	balínt/bälint/	have
*tel/tel/	ter/tel/,[teɾ]	teat/teɦät/	tád/täːt/	telínde/telindɐ/	telínt/telint/	hang,raise

(Swadesh list)

± Lexicon *development

I: kkac you (singular): kküe he: hhonn we: ácen you (plural): üen they: hhian this : torce/toc that: kkae here: tocma there: àema who: hhia/lhia what: kvo where: kvima when: kvatzui how: not: né all: sve many: mul some: few: other: one: ená/esá two: dua three: mal four: kut five: unal big: long: wide: thick: heavy: small: short: kul narrow: thin: woman: luó man (adult male): luó man (human being): hhan/luó child: wife: husband: mother: mama father: tata animal: iá fish: fisk bird: tofli dog: kvon louse: snake: iá worm: olm tree: baim forest: bosk stick: fruit: fam seed: leaf: iüo root: lad bark (of a tree): flower: chúa grass: rope: sinn skin: ffal meat: blood: bone: fat (noun): egg: horn: tail: feather: fie hair: head: kab ear: olhe eye: ain nose: nes mouth: tooth: tzann tongue (organ): fingernail: foot: leg: baim knee: hand: tec wing: fie/fiem belly: guts: neck: nec back: tzüc breast: ffec heart: kel liver: to drink: sif to eat: nham to bite: to suck: sif to spit: to vomit: to blow: bol to breathe: to laugh: hrak to see: vis to hear: sanh to know: can/kacnu to think:

to smell: nes to fear: to sleep: to live: to die: to kill: sral to fight: sral to hunt: to hit: to cut: to split: to stab: to scratch: skil to dig: to swim: svim to fly: fel to walk: salka to come: salka to lie (as in a bed): líc to sit: to stand: hrec to turn (intransitive): to fall: fel to give: to hold: to squeeze: to rub: vask to wash: vask to wipe: to pull: tec to push: tec/ffon to throw: to tie: to sew: to count: teltztif to say: sö to sing: séune to play: bil to float: to flow: lom to freeze: tril to swell: sun: hrá moon: star: water: vad rain: lein river: lene lake: sea: salt: stone: she sand: dust: earth: thi cloud: fog: sky: wind: snow: ice: tril smoke: fire: feu ash: to burn: road: vei mountain: mon red: hrot green: léu yellow: kel white: hrát black: night: day: rdi year: warm: nôk cold: tril full: new: old: good: bim bad: rotten: dirty: mud straight: baim round: kadbal sharp (as a knife): dull (as a knife): smooth: wet: vadmui dry: sek correct: baim near: tocma far: right: left: at: tzúi in: ins with: múi and: e if: o because: name: nám