Glommish/Old

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Glommish/Old is the most recent common ancestor of Thedish and Ufirlandisg.


Introduction

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
Labial Dental Alveolar Velar
Nasal m m n n
Stop
/Affricate
voiceless p p t t k c~k
voiced b b d d g ɟ~g
Fricative f f~v þ θ~ð s s~z h ç~x~h
Resonant w ʋ r r l l j j

All consonants except *j can be allophonically palatalized before front vowels (*e *ē *ö *ȫ *i *ī *ü *ǖ *eu *iu). The palatalization was still allophonic in Proto-Thedic but the allophonic palatalization may have been especially strong in k/g.

  • -anz, -inz, -unz > -ąz, -įz, -ųz > -ār, -īr, -ūr
  • kw, hw > p, f

Vowels

Glommish/Old had the following vowels:

a ā e ē i ī o ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ au eu iu ъ ъi ь /ɑ ɑː æ æː i iː ɔ ɔː œ œː u uː y yː au ɛu iu ə əi ĭ/

U-umlaut: a ā e ē i ī > o ō ö ȫ ü ǖ (from PGmc *a *ō/ā *e *ē *i *ī)

Vowel reflexes in stressed syllables:

a ā e ē ə̄ i ī o ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ au eu iu

Þiúd'sk: > a á ia/ie iá ý i í o ó ie ié iu iú i í ó ió iú

Ufirlandisg: > a ā ia(üe after w) iā(üē after w) ē(uō after w) i(ü after w) ī(ǖ after w) uo uō üe üē u ū ü ǖ au iau ieu

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

a-stem: wulfъ (m.) 'wolf'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative wulfъ wulfar
Genitive wulfъs wulfa
Dative wulfъi wulfъmъ
Instrumental wulfa wulfъmь


a-stem: jukъ (n.) 'yoke'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative jukъ juka
Genitive jukъs juka
Dative jukъi jukъmъ
Instrumental juka jukъmь


ō-stem: gēfa (f.) 'gift'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative gēfa gēfar
Genitive gēfar gēfa
Dative gēfai gēfamъ
Instrumental gēfa gēfamь


i-stem: gastь (m.) 'guest'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative gastь gasti
Genitive gastьs gastьja
Dative gasti gastьmъ
Instrumental gasti gastьmь


i-stem: marь (n.) 'sea'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative marь mari
Genitive marьs marьja
Dative mari marьmъ
Instrumental mari marьmь


u-stem: sunъ (m.) 'son'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative sunъ sunir
Genitive sunor sunьwa
Dative suni sunъmъ
Instrumental sunu sunъmь


C-stem: burgь (f.) 'fortification'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative burgь burgir
Genitive burgir burga
Dative burgi burgъmъ
Instrumental burgi burgъmь


z-stem: lambъ (m.) 'lamb'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative lambъ lambьra
Genitive lambьrь lambьra
Dative lambьrь lambьrъmъ
Instrumental lambьre lambьrъmь


an-stem: auga (n.) 'eye'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative auga augana
Genitive augьnь augъna
Dative augьnь augъmmъ
Instrumental augьne augъmmь


ōn-stem: harpa (f.) 'harp'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative harpa harpanь
Genitive harpanь harpana
Dative harpanь harpamъ
Instrumental harpane harpamь


īn-stem: burþi (f.) 'birth'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative burþi burþinь
Genitive burþinь burþina
Dative burþinь burþimъ
Instrumental burþine burþimь


r-stem: fader (m.) 'father'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative fader fadrь
Genitive fadъr fadra
Dative fadrь fadrъmъ
Instrumental fadre fadrъmь

Verbs

leufanъ 'to love'
tense ek þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija
present indicative leufa leufasь leufaþь leufamъ leufaþ leufanþь
present subjunctive leufa leufas leufa leufam leufaþ leufan
past indicative leufada leufadest leufade leufadedъm leufadedъd leufadedъn
past subjunctive leufadedi leufadedir leufadedi leufadedim leufadedid leufadedin
imperative - leufa! - - leufaþ! -
present participle leufand
past participle leufadъ


hъilinъ 'to heal'
tense ek þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija
present indicative hъilьja hъilisь hъiliþь hъilimъ hъiliþ hъilinþь
present subjunctive hъilьja hъilis hъili hъilim hъiliþ hъilin
past indicative hъilida hъilidest hъilide hъilidedъm hъilidedъd hъilidedъn
past subjunctive hъilidedi hъilidedir hъilidedi hъilidedim hъilidedid hъilidedin
imperative - hъili! - - hъiliþ! -
present participle hъilind
past participle hъilidъ


wrītъnъ 'to write'
tense ek þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija
present indicative wrīta wrītьrь wrītьdь wrītъmъ wrītьd wrītъndь
present subjunctive wrīta wrītъir wrītъi wrītъim wrītъid wrītъin
past indicative wrъit wrъist wrъit writъm writъd writъn
past subjunctive writi writir writi writim writid writin
imperative - wrīt! - - wrītъd! -
present participle wrītъnd
past participle writъnъ


keusъnъ 'to choose'
tense ek þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija
present indicative keusa kiusьrь kiusьþь keusъmъ kiusьd keusъndь
present subjunctive keusa keusъir keusъi keusъim keusъid keusъin
past kaus kaust kaus kurъm kurъd kurъn
past subjunctive kuri kurir kuri kurim kurid kurin
imperative - keus! - - kiusьd! -
present participle keusъnd
past participle kurъnъ


bindъnъ 'to bind'
tense ek þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija
present indicative binda bindьrь bindьþь bindъmъ bindьd bindъndь
present subjunctive binda bindъir bindъi bindъim bindъid bindъin
past band banst band bundъm bundъd bundъn
past subjunctive bundi bundir bundi bundim bundid bundin
imperative - bind! - - bindьd! -
present participle bindъnd
past participle bundъnъ

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources