Verse:Tdūrzů/Hebrew

The history of Hebrew and Judaism in Lõis is much like our own, except no revival of Hebrew has taken place. This page documents the various pronunciations of Hebrew used by the different Jewish communities in Lõis.

Corded Ware Hebrew

Vowels as in Sephardi Hebrew (except shva = all chatafs = [ə]), consonants are more varied depending on the individual Jewish community.

Readings similar to this are used all over Western Europe.

The enunciative vowel -ə is used when a word (1) in pausa (2) has ultimate stress and (3) has final C. The 2fs morpheme /-t/ is pronounced /-tə/ when following a consonant: כתבת [kaˈθavtə] 'you (2fs) wrote'.

ברוך אתה ה', א-לוהינו מלך העולם, אשר בחר בנו מכל העמים ונתן לנו את תורתו. ברוך אתה ה', נותן התורה.

/vaˈrux ʔatˈta ʔəðoˈnaj, ʔəloheˈnu ˈmelex haʁoˈlamə, ʔəˈʃer vaˈχar ˈvanu mikˈkol haʁaˈmimə, wənaˈθan ˈlanu ʔeθ toraˈθo. vaˈrux ʔaˈta ʔaðoˈnaj, noˈθen hatoˈra./

שהחינו וקיימנו והגיענו לזמן הזה

/ʃeheχəˈjanu wəkijəˈmanu wəhigiˈʁanu lazəˈman haˈze/

Sample (Genesis 1:1-5)

Typical Western or Central CW reading

בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְאֵ֥ת הָאָֽרֶץ׃

[vəreˈʃiθ vaˈra ʔəloˈhimə | ʔeθ haʃaˈmajim wəˈʔeθ haˈʔarets]

וְהָאָ֗רֶץ הָֽיְתָ֥ה תֹ֨הוּ֙ וָבֹ֔הוּ וְחֹ֖שֶׁךְ עַל־פְּנֵ֣י תְה֑וֹם וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הַמָּֽיִם׃

[wəhaˈʔarets hajəˈθa ˈθohu waˈvohu wəˈχoʃex ʁal pəne θəˈhomə | wəˈɾuax ʔəloˈhim məraˈχefeθ ʁal pəne haˈmajim]

וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים יְהִ֣י א֑וֹר וַֽיְהִי־אֽוֹר׃

[waˈjomeɾ ʔəloˈhim jəhi ˈʔorə | wajəˈhi ˈʔorə]

וַיַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶת־הָא֖וֹר כִּי־ט֑וֹב וַיַּבְדֵּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֔ים בֵּ֥ין הָא֖וֹר וּבֵ֥ין הַחֹֽשֶׁךְ׃

[waˈjar ʔəloˈhim ʔeθ haˈʔoɾ kiˈtovə | wajavˈðel ʔəloˈhim ven haˈʔoɾ ʔuˈven haˈχoʃex]

וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀ לָאוֹר֙ י֔וֹם וְלַחֹ֖שֶׁךְ קָ֣רָא לָ֑יְלָה וַֽיְהִי־עֶ֥רֶב וַֽיְהִי־בֹ֖קֶר י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד׃

[wajiˈkra ʔəloˈhim laˈʔor ˈjom wəlaˈχoʃex ˈkara ˈlajla | wajəˈhi ˈʁerev wajəˈhi ˈvoker jom ʔeˈχaðə]

Qivattu Hebrew

Similar to Corded Ware Hebrew except it has geminates and no enunciative vowels

Readings similar to this are used in Western Europe.

ברוך אתה ה', א-לוהינו מלך העולם, אשר בחר בנו מכל העמים ונתן לנו את תורתו. ברוך אתה ה', נותן התורה.

/vaˈrux ʔatˈta ʔədoˈnaj, ʔəloheˈnu ˈmelex haʁoˈlam, ʔəˈʃer vaˈχar ˈvanu mikˈkol haʁamˈmim, wənaˈθan ˈlanu ʔeθ toraˈθo. vaˈrux ʔatˈta ʔadoˈnaj, noˈθen hattoˈra./

שהחינו וקיימנו והגיענו לזמן הזה

/ʃeheχəˈjanu wəkijjəˈmanu wəhiggiˈʁanu lazzəˈman hazˈze/

TT-English Hebrew

Mostly like our Ashkenazi Hebrew, except that all of the begadkefat consonants except /g/ preserve the lenition. Probably the most conservative Hebrew reading on Lõis. The exact accent would depend on the speaker's native English accent; the given values are the L-Standard English values.

Jews started speaking English after English underwent the Great Vowel Shift and entered the Northern Levant Sprachbund, which was soon after Tiberian Hebrew niqqud was standardized around AD 900.

The colloquial use of penultimately stressed Hebrew words in L-Jewish English (as in our Yiddish) is the source of English words such as chutzpah (Lõisian orthography: ⟨khutspoh⟩) and Torah (Lõisian orthography: ⟨Tuoroh⟩; pronounced with the FORCE vowel in Lõis). (If you were wondering, oy vey comes from a not-specifically-Jewish source: from oh woe [øɪ vøɪ] in a Lõisian accent of English that yields an Ashkenazi Hebrew accent when Hebrew is read in it.)

Vowels

• patach = chataf patach = TRAP /a/ in open stressed syllables / PALM /ɑː/ in closed or unstressed syllables. Usually transcribed a.
• segol = chataf segol = DRESS /ɛ/. Usually transcribed e.
• tzere = FACE /ɛɪ/. Usually transcribed â.
• qamatz = chataf qamatz = THOUGHT /ɔː/ in open stressed syllables / LOT /ɔ/ in closed or unstressed syllables. Usually transcribed oh or au.
• cholam = GOAT /əʊ~əʏ/. Usually transcribed uo.
• chiriq = FLEECE /i:~ɪj/ in stressed or open syllables / KIT /ɪ/ in unstressed closed syllables. Usually transcribed i or ê.
• qubbutz / shuruq = GOOSE /ü:/ in stressed or open syllables / FOOT /ɵ~ʊ̈/ in unstressed closed syllables. Usually transcribed u or ô.
• shva is usually not pronounced except to resolve initial consonant clusters disallowed in English. When pronounced it is pronounced [ə]. Usually not written.

Consonants

/ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tʼ j k x l m n s ʕ p f ts kʼ r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ~∅ b v g g d ð h w z x t j k x l m n s ʔ~∅ p f ts k ɾ~ɹ~ʋ ʃ t θ/

As in Received Pronunciation, /l/ is clear [l] when before a vowel and dark [ɫ] otherwise. /ʊ̈ üː əʊ/ before dark L are backed to [ʊ uː ɔʊ].

Voiceless plosives are usually aspirated.

Some cantors who are careful readers may pronounce /ħ ʕ tʼ kʼ/ as [ħ ʕ t⁼ k⁼] and have clear aspiration in non-emphatic /t k/.

Gemination is not pronounced.

A schwa [ə] may be added before non-prevocalic r. Non-prevocalic R may even be vocalized to [ə]. (L-Standard English has variable rhoticity, so speakers are likely to perceive a diphthong ending in [ə] as a vowel plus R, even though no R sound is there.)

Voicing assimilation does NOT occur as in Israeli Hebrew, but follows English patterns.

Sample (Genesis 1:1-5)

Quasi-Philly

1. [bəɹɪjˈʃiːt̪ bɔˈɹoə ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm | ʔɪjθ haʃɔˈmɑːjɪm wəˈʔɪjθ hɔˈʔoəɾɛts]
2. [wəhɔˈʔoəɾɛts hojəˈθoə ˈθəʊhüː wɔˈvəʊhüː wəˈxəʊʃɛx ʔaɫ pənɛɪ t̪əˈhəʊm | wəˈɾüːwax ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm məɹaˈxɛfɛθ ʔaɫ pənɛɪ haˈmoəjɪm]
3. [waˈjəʊmɛɾ ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm jəhi ʔəʊɾ | wajəˈhi ʔəʊɾ]
4. [waˈjɑːɾ ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm ʔɛθ hɔˈʔəʊɾ ki ˈtəʊv | wajavˈdeːɫ ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm bɪjn hɔˈʔəʊɾ ʔüːˈvɪjn haˈxəʊʃɛx]
5. [wajɪˈkɹoə ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm ɫɔˈʔəʊɾ ˈjəʊm wəɫaˈxəʊʃɛx ˈkoəɾoə ˈɫojəɫoə | wajˈhi ˈʔɛɹɛv wajˈhi ˈvəʊ̈kɛɾ jəʊm ʔɛˈxoəd̪]

L-Standard English accent

1. [bəɹɛɪˈʃɪjθ bɔˈʋɔː ʔɛləʏˈhɪjm | ʔɛɪθ haʃɔˈmɑːjɪm wəˈʔɛɪθ hɔˈʔɔːʋɛts]
2. [wəhɔˈʔɔːɹɛts hɔjəˈθɔː ˈθəʊhüː wɔˈvəʊhüː wəˈxəʊʃɛx ʔaɫ pənɛɪ θəˈhəʊm | wəˈɾüːwax ʔɛləʏˈhiːm məɾaˈxɛfɛθ ʔaɫ pəˈnɛɪ haˈmɔːjɪm]
3. [waˈjəʊmɛə ʔɛləʊˈhɪjm jəhɪj ʔəʏɾ | wajəˈhiː ʔəʏɾ]
4. [waˈjɑːɾ ʔɛləʊˈhiːm ʔɛθ hɔˈʔəʊə kiːˈtɜʏv | wajavˈdɛɪɫ ʔɛləʊˈhiːm bɛɪn hɔˈʔəʊɾ ʔüːˈvɛɪn haˈxəʏʃɛx]
5. [wajɪˈkɹɔː ʔɛləʏˈhiːm lɔˈʔəʏəɹ ˈjəʊm wəlaˈxəʊʃɛx ˈkɔːʋɔː ˈlɔːjlɔː | wajəˈhiː ˈʔɛɹɛv wajəˈhiː ˈvəʊ̈kɛəɹ jəʏm ʔɛˈxɔːð]

Quasi-Ashkenazi Hebrew

1. [bəʀeɪˈʃiːs̠ boˈʀoː ʔelɔɪˈhiːm | ʔeɪs̠ haʃoˈmaːjɪm vəˈʔeɪs̠ hoˈʔoːʀɛts]
2. [vəhoˈʔoːʀets hojəˈs̠oː ˈs̠ɔɪhu voˈvɔɪhu vəˈxɔɪʃex ʔal pəneɪ s̠əˈhɔɪm | wəˈʀuax ʔelɔɪˈhiːm məʀaˈxeːfes̠ ʔal pənɛɪ haˈmoːjɪm]
3. [vaˈjɔɪmeʀ ʔelɔɪˈhiːm jəˈhiː ʔɔɪʀ | vajəˈhiː ʔɔɪʀ]
4. [vaˈjaːʀ ʔelɔɪˈhiːm ʔes̠ hɔˈʔɔɪʀ kiːˈtɔɪv | vajavˈdeɪl ʔelɔɪˈhiːm beɪn hoˈʔɔɪʀ ʔüˈveɪn haˈxɔɪʃex]
5. [vajɪˈkʀoː ʔelɔɪˈhiːm loˈʔɔɪʀ ˈjɔɪm vəlaˈxɔɪʃex ˈkoːʀo ˈlojlo | vajəˈhiː ˈʔeʀev vajəˈhiː ˈvɔɪkeʀ jɔɪm ʔeˈxoːd]

Khuômiskh Hebrew

Should sound like a hypothetical Vietnamese Hebrew