Ndongan Кѣязик Ндоҥске
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Progress: 67%
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Type
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Fusional
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Alignment
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Nominative–accusative
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Head direction
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Initial
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Mixed
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Final
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Primary word order
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Subject-verb-object
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Tonal
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No
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Declensions
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Yes
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Conjugations
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Yes
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Genders
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12
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Nouns decline according to...
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Case
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Number
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Definiteness
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Gender
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Verbs conjugate according to...
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Voice
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Mood
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Person
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Number
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Tense
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Aspect
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Ndongan (Кѣязик Ндоҥске, tr. Kŷâzik Ndoŋske), in the universe of the play L′ywai! (Лѣвай!) by Elliott Wheeler, is an East Slavic creole, which evolved from the Imperial Russian language and its pidgin form in Southern Africa via heavy influence from the Kikongo and Kimbundu languages. Being an official language in Ndonga, Chornarus, and Mozambique, the language is and continues to be of particular importance to the peoples of former Russian Africa, acting mainly as a lingua-franca analogous to Afrikaans, and functioned as a semi-code talk of the Red Army and other revolutionary groups during the Civil war.
As of the year 12016, the language has 35.6 million speakers (native & non-native) and counting. The majority of the speakers of the language are of Ndongan or African-Russian ethnicity distributed widely across southern Africa, with the number of African-Russians who have adopted the language (over their native Russian) has increased significantly in recent years after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and subsequent de-Russification movement in response to the growth of reactionary politics in Russia.
Phonology
Consonants
Ndongan consonant phonemes
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Labial
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Alveolar
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Retroflex/Palatal
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Velar
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hard
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soft
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hard
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soft
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hard
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soft
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Nasal
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m (м)
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mʲ (мь)
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n (н)
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nʲ (нь)
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ŋ (ҥ)
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Plosive
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Voiceless
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plain
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p (п)
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pʲ (пь)
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t (т)
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|
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k (к)
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kʲ (кь)
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prenasalized
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ᵐp (мп)
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ᵐpʲ (мпь)
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ⁿt (нт)
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|
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ᵑk (ҥк)
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ᵑkʲ (ҥкь)
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Voiced
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plain
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b (б)
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bʲ (бь)
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d (д)
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|
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g (г)
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gʲ (гь)
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prenasalized
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ᵐb (мб)
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ᵐbʲ (мбь)
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ⁿd (нд)
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|
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ᵑg (ҥг)
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ᵑgʲ (ҥгь)
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Affricate
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plain
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|
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t͡s (ц)
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ʈ͡ʂ (ч)
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t͡ʃ (чь,ць)
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k͡x (кх)
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prenasalized
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|
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ⁿt͡s (нц)
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ⁿʈ͡ʂ (нч)
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ⁿt͡ʃ (нчь,нць)
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ᵑk͡x (ҥкх)
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Fricative
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Voiceless
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plain
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f (ф)
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fʲ (фь)
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s (с)
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ʂ (ш)
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ʃ (шь)
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x (х)
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xʲ (хь)
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prenasalized
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ᵐf (мф)
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ᵐfʲ (мфь)
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ⁿs (нс)
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ⁿʂ (нш)
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ⁿʃ (ншь)
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ᵑx (ҥх)
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ᵑxʲ (ҥхь)
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Voiced
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plain
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|
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z (з)
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ʐ (ж)
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ʒ (жь)
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prenasalized
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ⁿz (нз)
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ⁿʐ (нж)
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ⁿʒ (нжь)
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Approximant
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w (в)
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wʲ~ɥ (вь)
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lʲ (ль)
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ɭ (л)
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j (й)
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Vowels
Ndongan vowel phonemes
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Front
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Central
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Back
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hard
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soft
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hard
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soft
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hard
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soft
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Close
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i (и)
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ʲi (і)
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ɘ (ы)
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ʲɘ (ѣ)
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u (у)
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ʲu (ю)
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Mid
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e (э)
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ʲe (е)
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o (о)
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ʲɔ (ё/ө)
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ɔ (о)
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Open
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ɶ (а)
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ʲɶ (я)
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Non-phonemic aspiration
Prosody
Phonotactics
Morphology
Gender
Noun declension
Adjectives
Conjugation
1st conjugation
Conjugation of Ndongan (1st conjugation consonantal)
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Imperfective aspect
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Infinitive
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—ць
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Participles
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present
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past
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Active
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—юнше
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—уше
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Passive
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—еме
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Adverbial
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—я
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—ю
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present
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future
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1st Singular
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—ют
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бу—ёт
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2nd Singular
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—ешь
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бу—ешь
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3rd Singular
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—ет
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бу—ет
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1st Plural
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—емв
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бу—емв
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2nd Plural
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—етэ
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бу—етэ
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3rd Plural
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—юць
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бу—юць
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Imperative
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singular
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plural
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2nd Present
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—ь
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—итэ
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Past tense
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singular
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plural
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Masculine
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—ль
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—ли
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Feminine
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—ла
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Agender
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—л
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Nonbinary
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—ло
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2nd conjugation
Conjugation of Ndongan (2nd conjugation consonantal)
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Imperfective aspect
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Infinitive
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—чь
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Participles
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present
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past
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Active
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—юнше
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—уше
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Passive
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—еме
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Adverbial
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—я
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—уши
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present
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future
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1st Singular
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—ёт
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будо-—ёт
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2nd Singular
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—ешь
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бу—ешь
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3rd Singular
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—ет
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бу—ет
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1st Plural
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—емв
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бу—емв
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2nd Plural
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—етэ
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бу—етэ
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3rd Plural
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—юць
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бу—юць
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Imperative
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singular
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plural
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2nd Present
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нча—
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—итэ
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Past tense
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singular
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plural
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Masculine
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—лу
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—ли
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Feminine
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—ла
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Agender
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—л
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Nonbinary
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—ло
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Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Leipzig-Jakarta
Leipzig-Jakarta
Other resources