Proto-Hlou-Shum
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Proto-Talsmic phonology
Consonant inventory
Proto-Talsmic reconstructed consonants | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||
Nasal | *m | *n | ||||||
Plosive | voiceless | *p | *t | *c | *k | *q | *ʔ | |
voiced | *b | *d | *ɟ | *g | ||||
aspirated | *pʰ | *tʰ | *cʰ | *kʰ | *qʰ | |||
Fricative | voiceless | *s | *ç | *h | ||||
voiced | *z | *ƶ | *ʁ | |||||
Approximant | *w | *j | ||||||
Trill | *r | |||||||
Lateral app. | *l |
/qʰ/ may have been realized as an affricate, [qχ].
Vocalic inventory
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | *i *ī | *u *ū | |
Mid | *e *ē | *o *ō | |
Open | *a *ā |
Sound changes
[To order...]
- /pʰ tʰ ŧʰ kʰ qʰ/ > /ɸ θ ç x χ/
- /q ʁ χ/ > /ʡ ħ ħ/
- /ʁ/ > /w/ sometimes, especially with high vowels around
- /ç ƶ ŧ đ/ > /θ ð t͡s ʎ/
- /ç/ > f / _C[+coronal]
- /ç/ > s / _C[+labial]
- Radical-coloring: /e i o u y/ > /a e a o e/ _C[+radical]
- /ēj/ > /ie/
- /oj uj/ > /y/, /ōj ūj/ > /ȳ/ / _C
- /w/ > /v/ / otherwise
- C[-voiced] > Ø / _#
- /a e i o u y/ > Ø / _#
- /ā ē ī ō ū ȳ/ > /a e i o u y/ / _#
- /ajV ejV/ (V short) > /ai ei/ _#
- /ēh/ > /ie/ _#
- /ēj, ējh/ > /i/ or /ie/ _#
(Grammaticalization of object/oblique pronouns somewhere around here)
(some umlaut)
- /e i o u y ē ī ō ū ȳ/ > /ā ie ā ua ȳ ā ē ā ua ē/ _/ħ ʡ/# and /ħ ʡ/ > Ø _#
- /a e i o u/ > /ā ē ī ō ū/ _h#, h > Ø _#
- /*ahu *aju/ > /*au/, /*ahi *aji/ > /*ai/
- /*u/ > /*y/ / _#
- /*u *ū/ > /*y *ȳ/ _C[+coronal], sometimes when occuring after the downstep
- /z/ > /r/ / _C[+voiced, not /z/]
- *-# ʔ: downstep alternates between the internal syllable and the ending
- no *-# ʔ: downstep is fixed