Proto-Hlou-Shum

Proto-Talsmic phonology

Consonant inventory

Proto-Talsmic reconstructed consonants
		Labial	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		*m	*n
Plosive	voiceless	*p	*t	*ƛ		*k	*q	*ʔ
	voiced	*b	*d	*λ		*g
	aspirated	*pʰ	*tʰ	*ƛʰ		*kʰ	*qʰ
Fricative	voiceless		*s	*ł				*h
	voiced		*z	*ḽ			*ʁ
Approximant		*w		*l	*j
Trill			*r

Vocalic inventory

	Front	Central	Back
Close	*i *ī		*u *ū
Mid	*e *ē		*o *ō
Open		*a *ā

Sound changes

1. *ph *th *ƛh *kh *qh > resp. aspirates
2. First spirantization:

   *qʰ > *χ

   *pʰ > *f

3. Radicalization:

   *q > *ʡ

   *χ > *ħ

4. Assimilation of dentals:

   *ts *tʰs > *ss

   *dz *tʰz > *zz > later *z

   *ƛs > *ƛʰ

   *ƛz > *λ

5. Some cluster changes:

   *tk > *kt

   *tp *db *kp *gb > *tw *dw *kw *gw (should be earlier than PTal?)

   *kt *łt *kþ > *xt

   *pþ > *ps

   *ʡt > *ħt

6. Second spirantization:

   *tʰ > *þ

   *kʰ > *x

   *ƛʰ > *ł

   ʔC > C[+long]

7. Cʔ, Ch > Ce usually

   *mʔ *nʔ *lʔ *rʔ > also *mp *nt *lt *rt (especially in function morphemes)

   *mh *nh *lh *rh > also *nf *nþ *lþ *rþ

8. Loss of laterals (nearly unique to Themsarian?):

   *ƛ > *ŧ /ts/

   *ł > *þ

   *λ > *l, *λλ > *ld

   *ḽ > *ð, *ḽḽ > *lð

9. Rhotacization:

   *z > *r / _C[+voiced]

   *dl > *rl

10. Epenthetic vowels are added:

    CC[+resonant]# > CyC[+resonant]# and in many functional morphemes.

11. *w > *v /ʋˠ/
12. *ʁ / V_V, _C[+coronal] > *v (a Themsarian-only sound change)
13. *ʁ otherwise > *ʕ
14. Loss of glottal stop:
    • clitic *=ʔ becomes final downstep
    • vowel contractions: (~ denotes *ʔ or *h)
    • *a~ > ā
    • *a~e, *ajV *a~i > ae
    • *aj, a~ī > ai
    • *a~o (*awV) *a~u > ao
    • *(aw) > au
    • *e~C > eaC
    • *ej *ew *e~ī > ei
    • *e~u *e~ū > ju, jū
    • *ēj > ie
    • (*ē~ > ie)
    • *i~C > ieC
    • *o~C > oaC
    • *o~i oj u~i uj > ȳ
    • *o~ī > oi
    • *ow > ū
    • *u~C > uoC
    • *u~ī > ui
15. *ʕ > *ħ
16. *vv, *zz > *wv *z

    *bb *dd *gg > *mb *nd *ng; also *ʡʡ *ħħ > *ʡ *ħ, lengthening previous vowel

17. C[+radical] > *a / _#

Classical Themsarian phonology

Consonant inventory

Consonants
		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Radical	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			n [ŋ]
Plosive	voiceless	p /p/	t /t/			c /k/	q /ʡ/
	voiced	b /b/	d /d/			g /g/
Fricative	voiceless	f /f/	th /θ/	s /s/		ch /x~ɣ/	ħ /ħ~ʜ/	h /h~ɦ/
	voiced		ð /ð/	z /z/			q [ʕ~ʢ]
Affricate			ŧ /t̪s̪~ts~tɕ~tʃ/
Approximant		v /ʋˠ/			j /j/
Trill			r /r/
Lateral app.			l /l/

Vocalic inventory

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /i/	ī /iː/	y /ʉ̜/	ȳ /ʉ̜ː/	u /u/	ū /uː/
Mid	e /e̞/	ē /e̞ː/			o /o̞/	ō /o̞ː/
Open			a /a/	ā /aː/