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• Morphosyntactic Alignment active-stative (7.11.7)
• Dominant Word Order SVO(informal) SOV(formal)
• Head Direction Possessive Phrase Either
• Adpositional Phrase First
• Verb Phrase First
• Adjective Phrase Final
• Dominant Marking Possessive Phrase Either
• Adpositional Phrase Zero?
• Verb Phrase Both (verb marks for person of direct Object, word order means case)
• Writing Direction Primary Left to Right (character)
• Secondary Top to Bottom (line)
• Tertiary Front to Back (page)
• Script Latin
• A priori A posteriori
• Genders 4(+Genderless sometimes)
• Cases 2
• Tones no
• Nouns decline according to...
  • Number, Gender, dimunitiveness
• Verbs conjugate according to...
  • Voice, Person(SUBJ)
  • Tense, Aspect
  • Volition, Number

Classification

• Nouns
  • [PREP - ART] - [DET.INDF - DET.DEF] - NUM - CL - ADJ(s) - NOUN
  • compound adj : all over six feet tall trees
  • either articles or determiners, cannot have both
  • no relative clauses
• Verbs
  • ADV - MODL - [VOICE-VOLITION] - [ASPECT-STEM-TENSE-PER-NUM]

Grammar

Capitalization

• Nouns
• Pronouns
• Numbers
• NOT Start of sentence

Articles

unlike most other words starting with vowels; articles don't have acute accent ō, because they combine with anything not a noun or verb & end with -o

ART - means article

	DEF	IDEF
O.Human	olo	oño
A.Living	ola	oña
E.Real	ole	oñe
I.Other	oli	oñi
N.Neuter	ol	oñ

Declention

Number(Noun)	Singular	Plural
O.	-o	-oñ
A.	-a	-añ
E.	-e	-eñ
I.	-i	-iñ

Collective Nouns/Classifiers

CL -   means collective for modern, classifier for future (V=Maybe classifiers will develop???)

word "kal" (will be in Lexicon)

for example:

• kal mano: a group of people
• kal kal mano: a group of group of people

MAY STACK INFINITELY

Mass Nouns

All nouns are treated as countable nouns, an example of such a language is turkish. The default, like turkish, is also plural.

For example:

• Goàñe, Meaning rice, is a mass noun, but treated as a countable noun
• The singular "Goàñe" may be translated into english as "a grain of rice"
• The plural, "Goàñeñ", may be translated as "rice"

Conjunctions

Cöordinating conjunctions (Independent - Independent)

goes before the subject and needs COMMA

• Mary walked to the party, but she was unable to walk home.

Subordinating conjunctions (Independent - Dependent)

goes after the subject and needs multiple SENTENCES

• I fed the cat. I after brushed my teeth. FRU

• after I fed the cat, I brushed my teeth. ENG
• I brushed my teeth after I fed the cat. ENG

• I slept. I because was sleepy. FRU

• because I was sleepy, I slept. ENG
• I slept because I was sleepy.  ENG

also used for subjunctive mood with word for "if" - WORD GOES HERE

Dual Conjunctions (and, or, nor, xor...)

"English"	Oñ Fruwi	NOTE
and	(...)gai	all
xor	(...)bai	only one
or	(...)dai	at least one
nand	in(...)gai	max 1
nxor	in(...)bai	both or none
nor	in(...)dai	none

(...) = first item

Serial Conjunctions

"English"	Oñ Fruwi
and	(...)gaisi
xor	(...)baisi
or	(...)daisi
nand	sijin(...)gaisi
nxor	sijin(...)baisi
nor	sijin(...)daisi

(...) = first→ second-last items

Moods

Imperative

• Instruction
  • “Go”
  • At start of Sentence always
• Warning
  • N/A(Use Infinitive of verb)

Interrogative

• Yes/No
  • just put "Or not" at the end of a normal sentence
• "Wh" Interrogative
  • “Ger/Gerañ” as Stative Case; dO or iO, dO -> S in passive. “Ber/Berañ” as Active Case (use inplaceof x in Indicative clause)
  • before or after verb add -thing EX: “Ger-Yukeni” means What=time-STAT
  • tojho Īmi ítte Ger (Your name is X -> Your name is what-STAT) ACT STAT(dO) S
  • tojho Īmi ítte Gerañ (Your name is X-P -> Your name is what-P-STAT) ACT STAT(dO) P
  • Ger fe yisʌ To (X PASS eat you-ACTI -> what-STAT PASS eat you-ACTI) PASS STAT(dO) S
  • Gerañ fe yisʌ To (X-P eat you-ACTI -> what-P-STAT PASS eat you-ACTI) PASS STAT(dO) P
  • To slipta áro Ger-Yukeni (You-ACTI sleep at X -> You-ACTI sleep at what=time-STAT) ACT STAT(iO) S
  • To slipta áro Gerañ-Yukeniñ (You-ACTI sleep at X-P -> You-ACTI sleep at what=times-P-STAT) ACT STAT(iO) P
  • Ber-Mano doyisʌdi Ōgge (X HAB-is=eating-?S-PAST this-O-STAT -> who HAB-is=eating-0S-PAST this-O-STAT) ACT ACTI S
  • Berañ-Manoñ doyisʌdiñ Ōgge (X-P HAB-are=eating-?P-PAST this-O-STAT -> who-P HAB-is=eating-0P-PAST this-O-STAT) ACT ACTI P
  • Ōgge fe doyisedi Ber-Mano (X HAB-is=eating-?S-PAST this-O-STAT -> who HAB-is=eating-0S-PAST this-O-STAT) PASS ACTI S
  • Ōgge fe doyisʌdiñ Berañ-Manoñ (X-P HAB-are=eating-?P-PAST this-O-STAT -> who-P HAB-is=eating-0P-PAST this-O-STAT) PASS ACTI P

VoVos

Voice/Volition	Active	Passive*
AVOL	∅	fe
VOL	le	fle
NVOL	re	fre

Verbs

• Root:
  • has to start with C where C=any consonant
  • has to end with CV where V=<ʌ>
  • cannot end with VCV where C=<d,s,x,g,b,f> Rest:
  • Modality is separate words (auxiliary)
  • Aspect is Prefix
  • Tense, Person, Number are Suffixes

Modality

• Just shown as an auxiliary/another word
• don't have syllable constraints
• Can Have Duplicates/synonyms
• Lexical/Free

VoVo

• Just shown as an auxiliary/another word
• Grammatical/Set

Conjugation

Aspect/ROOT/Person/Tense/Number	0Sing	0Plur	1Sing	1Plur	2Sing	2Plur	3Sing	3Plur
HAB - PST	(...)ʌdi	(...)ʌdiñ	(...)odi	(...)odiñ	(...)adi	(...)adiñ	(...)edi	(...)ediñ
HAB - REC.PST	(...)ʌsi	(...)ʌsiñ	(...)osi	(...)osiñ	(...)asi	(...)asiñ	(...)esi	(...)esiñ
HAB - PRES	(...)ʌ	(...)ʌñ	(...)o	(...)oñ	(...)a	(...)añ	(...)e	(...)eñ
HAB - REC.FUT	(...)ʌxi	(...)ʌxiñ	(...)oxi	(...)oxiñ	(...)axi	(...)axiñ	(...)exi	(...)exiñ
HAB - FUT	(...)ʌgi	(...)ʌgiñ	(...)ogi	(...)ogiñ	(...)agi	(...)agiñ	(...)egi	(...)egiñ
INCP - PST	bo(...)ʌdi	bo(...)ʌdiñ	bo(...)odi	bo(...)odiñ	bo(...)adi	bo(...)adiñ	bo(...)edi	bo(...)ediñ
INCP - REC.PST	bo(...)ʌsi	bo(...)ʌsiñ	bo(...)osi	bo(...)osiñ	bo(...)asi	bo(...)asiñ	bo(...)esi	bo(...)esiñ
INCP - PRES	bo(...)ʌ	bo(...)ʌñ	bo(...)o	bo(...)oñ	bo(...)a	bo(...)añ	bo(...)e	bo(...)eñ
INCP - REC.FUT	bo(...)ʌxi	bo(...)ʌxiñ	bo(...)oxi	bo(...)oxiñ	bo(...)axi	bo(...)axiñ	bo(...)exi	bo(...)exiñ
INCP - FUT	bo(...)ʌgi	bo(...)ʌgiñ	bo(...)ogi	bo(...)ogiñ	bo(...)agi	bo(...)agiñ	bo(...)egi	bo(...)egiñ
PROG - PST	do(...)ʌdi	do(...)ʌdiñ	do(...)odi	do(...)odiñ	do(...)adi	do(...)adiñ	do(...)edi	do(...)ediñ
PROG - REC.PST	do(...)ʌsi	do(...)ʌsiñ	do(...)osi	do(...)osiñ	do(...)asi	do(...)asiñ	do(...)esi	do(...)esiñ
PROG - PRES	do(...)ʌ	do(...)ʌñ	do(...)o	do(...)oñ	do(...)a	do(...)añ	do(...)e	do(...)eñ
PROG - REC.FUT	do(...)ʌxi	do(...)ʌxiñ	do(...)oxi	do(...)oxiñ	do(...)axi	do(...)axiñ	do(...)exi	do(...)exiñ
PROG - FUT	do(...)ʌgi	do(...)ʌgiñ	do(...)ogi	do(...)ogiñ	do(...)agi	do(...)agiñ	do(...)egi	do(...)egiñ
TERM - PST	go(...)ʌdi	go(...)ʌdiñ	go(...)odi	go(...)odiñ	go(...)adi	go(...)adiñ	go(...)edi	go(...)ediñ
TERM - REC.PST	go(...)ʌsi	go(...)ʌsiñ	go(...)osi	go(...)osiñ	go(...)asi	go(...)asiñ	go(...)esi	go(...)esiñ
TERM - PRES	go(...)ʌ	go(...)ʌñ	go(...)o	go(...)oñ	go(...)a	go(...)añ	go(...)e	go(...)eñ
TERM - REC.FUT	go(...)ʌxi	go(...)ʌxiñ	go(...)oxi	go(...)oxiñ	go(...)axi	go(...)axiñ	go(...)exi	go(...)exiñ
TERM - FUT	go(...)ʌgi	go(...)ʌgiñ	go(...)ogi	go(...)ogiñ	go(...)agi	go(...)agiñ	go(...)egi	go(...)egiñ

Conjugation Depending on Pronoun (Pronoun - Conjugation)

• 1S - 1S, 2S - 2S, 1P - 1P, 2P - 2P,
• Demonstrative - 3S/3P
• Unknown Person - 0S/0P
• 0S - 0S, 0P - 0P
• Topic - 0S/0P
• Indefinite - (Universal and Existential - 0P) (Negatory and Alternative - 0S)
• Comparative/Superlative - 0P
• Impersonal in Active/Intransitive in Active - 0S

4 types of Verbs:

• Transitive Personal [A and O]
  • Active
    • I-ACT eat-ACT coffee-STA (i eat coffee)
  • Passive*
    • coffee-STA eat-PASS I-ACT (coffee eat i)
• Volative/Unergative Personal [S_A Only]
  • Active
    • I-ACT VOL resign-ACT (i resign)
  • Passive*
    • VOL resign-PASS I-ACT (i resign)
• Avolative/Unergative Personal [S_O Only]
  • Active
    • It-STA AVOL fall-ACT (it falls)
  • Passive*
    • AVOL fall-PASS It-STA (falls it)

• Impersonal/Avelent (Free)
  • CANNOT HAVE PASSIVE* VERBS
    • rain-ACT (rain)

* here, passive doesnt mean O->A, A->∅; it means O->A,A->O

What do those things above mean? (alignment!)

(A=S_A, O=S_O )

Derivative Morphology

Participle (Verb -> ADJ)

add a <qa> to the end Ex: <vekocheqa Qoita> /vekʰot͡ʃeɣa ɣoitʰa/ "cooked goat"

Possessive /Genitive

(use as seperate words with nouns ; go to pronouns page for use with pronouns)

	Dependent	Headless Dependent?	Head?
oñ Fruwi	jho	je	co
IPA	/d͡ʒo/	/d͡ze/	/t͡so/
Use	's	's	of
Example	It is John's dog It is John's (*a) dog	It is John's It is John's [It]	It is Dog of John It is (a) dog of John