Voltch (native: voalc /vo̯altʃ/) is an Anglic language descended from Old English.
Introduction
Etymology
From Old English folcisċ "vernacular language".
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
spelling |
IPA |
Remarks
|
normally |
final
|
b
|
/b/ |
/p/ |
|
ch
|
/x/ |
|
c
|
/tʃ/ |
|
cg
|
/dʒ/ |
/tʃ/ |
Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables.
|
d
|
/d/ |
/t/ |
|
f
|
/f/ |
|
g
|
/ɡ/ |
/k/ |
|
h
|
/ɦ/ |
— |
|
j
|
/j/ |
— |
|
k
|
/k/ |
|
l
|
/l/ |
Pronounced dark/velarized ([ɫ]) word-finally and before consonants.
|
lj
|
/ʎ/
|
m
|
/m/ |
|
n
|
/n/ |
Assimilates place of articulation with following consonant.
|
nj
|
/ɲ/ |
|
ng
|
/ŋ/ |
|
p
|
/p/ |
|
r
|
/r/ |
|
s
|
/s/ |
|
sc
|
/ʃ/ |
Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables.
|
t
|
/t/ |
|
v
|
/v/ |
— |
|
w
|
/v/ |
/f/ |
|
z
|
/z/ |
— |
|
zc
|
/ʒ/ |
— |
Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables.
|
|
Vowels and diphthongs
spelling |
IPA
|
checked |
free
|
a
|
/ɑ/ |
/aː/
|
aa
|
/aː/ |
—
|
ä
|
/æ/ |
/ɛː/
|
ää
|
/ɛː/ |
—
|
aai
|
/aːi̯/
|
aau
|
/aːu̯/
|
ai
|
/ɑi̯/
|
au
|
/ɑu̯/
|
e
|
/ɛ/, /ə/[1] |
/eː/, /ə/[1]
|
ea
|
/e̯a/
|
ee
|
/eː/
|
eei
|
/eːi̯/
|
eeu
|
/eːu̯/
|
ei
|
/iː/
|
i, y
|
/ɪ/, /ə/[1] |
—
|
ie
|
/iə̯/
|
ij
|
/ɪi̯~ei̯/
|
iu
|
/ɪʊ̯/
|
o
|
/ɔ/ |
/oː/
|
oa
|
/o̯a/
|
oi
|
/ɔi̯/
|
oo
|
/oː/ |
—
|
ooi
|
/oːi̯/
|
oou
|
/oːu̯/
|
ou
|
/uː/
|
ö
|
/œ/ |
/øː/
|
öa
|
/ø̯a/
|
öö
|
/øː/
|
öü
|
/yː/
|
u
|
/ʊ/ |
/uː/
|
ue
|
/uə̯/
|
ui
|
/ʊɪ̯/
|
uu
|
/ʊu̯~ou̯/
|
ü
|
/ʏ/ |
/yː/
|
üe
|
/yə̯/
|
üü
|
/ʏy̆~øy̆/
|
|
Alphabet
Letter |
Name |
IPA
|
A a |
a |
[ʔaː]
|
B b |
be |
[beː]
|
C c |
ce |
[tʃʰeː]
|
D d |
de |
[deː]
|
E e |
e |
[ʔeː]
|
F f |
ef |
[ʔɛf]
|
G g |
ge |
[ɡeː]
|
H h |
ha |
[ɦaː]
|
I i |
ij |
[ʔɪi̯]
|
|
Letter |
Name |
IPA
|
J j |
jot |
[jɔtʰ]
|
K k |
ka |
[kʰaː]
|
L l |
el |
[ʔɛɫ]
|
M m |
em |
[ʔɛm]
|
N n |
en |
[ʔɛn]
|
O o |
o |
[ʔoː]
|
P p |
pe |
[pʰeː]
|
Q q |
kuu |
[kʰʊu̯]
|
R r |
er |
[ʔɛɾ]
|
|
Letter |
Name |
IPA
|
S s |
es |
[ʔɛs]
|
T t |
te |
[tʰeː]
|
U u |
uu |
[ʔʊu̯]
|
V v |
ve |
[veː]
|
W w |
dobbel ve |
[ˈdɔbəɫ veː]
|
X x |
iks |
[ʔɪks]
|
Y y |
ɡreike ij |
[ˈɡɾiːkə ʔɪi̯]
|
(IJ ij) |
longe ij |
[ˈlɔŋə ʔɪi̯]
|
Z z |
zet |
[zɛtʰ]
|
|
Consonants
Vowels
Historical phonology
Old English |
Environment |
Voltch |
Remarks
|
Vowels
|
a |
lengthened |
a (long), aa
|
unstressed |
e (schwa)
|
otherwise |
a (short)
|
ā |
everywhere |
uo
|
æ, ea |
lengthened |
ä (long), ää
|
otherwise |
ä (short)
|
ǣ |
everywhere |
ie
|
e |
lengthened |
ea
|
unstressed |
e (schwa)
|
otherwise |
e (short)
|
ē |
everywhere |
ei
|
eo |
lengthened |
öa
|
otherwise |
ö
|
ēo |
everywhere |
öü
|
ēa |
everywhere |
üe
|
i, ie |
lengthened |
e (long), ee
|
before h + consonant
|
e (short)
|
otherwise |
i
|
ī, īe |
everywhere |
ij
|
o |
lengthened |
oa
|
unstressed |
e (schwa)
|
otherwise |
o (short)
|
ō |
everywhere |
ou
|
u |
lengthened |
o (long), oo
|
otherwise |
u
|
ū |
everywhere |
uu
|
y |
lengthened |
ö (long), öö
|
otherwise |
ü
|
ȳ |
everywhere |
üü
|
Consonants
|
b |
|
b
|
c |
|
k
|
ċ |
|
c
|
d |
|
d
|
f |
unvoiced |
f
|
voiced |
v |
voiced word-initially, between vowels, and after liquids before vowels.
|
g |
|
g, ∅
|
ġ |
|
j
|
h |
|
h, ch
|
l |
|
l
|
m |
|
m
|
n |
|
n
|
p |
|
p
|
r |
|
r
|
s |
|
s, z
|
t |
|
t
|
w |
|
w, ∅
|
Morphology
Nouns
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns
|
Nominative |
Accusative |
Dative |
Possessive
|
1S
|
ic |
mec |
mei |
mijn
|
2SI
|
duu |
dec |
dei |
dijn
|
3SM
|
hei |
heen |
him |
his
|
3SF
|
höü |
höü |
heer |
heer
|
3SN
|
hit |
hit |
him |
his
|
1D
|
wit |
oonk |
oonk |
oonker
|
2D
|
jit |
jeenk |
jeenk |
jeenker
|
1P
|
wei |
uus |
uus |
uur
|
2P/F
|
jei |
jöü |
jöü |
jöür
|
3P
|
hij |
hij |
höm |
höar
|
Demonstratives and Articles
Indefinite article
|
Nominative |
Accusative |
Dative |
Genitive
|
SM
|
aan |
anen |
anem |
anes
|
SF
|
ane |
ane |
aner |
aner
|
SN
|
aan |
aan |
anem |
anes
|
Negative article
|
Nominative |
Accusative |
Dative |
Genitive
|
SM
|
naan |
nanen |
nanem |
nanes
|
SF
|
nane |
nane |
naner |
naner
|
SN
|
naan |
naan |
nanem |
nanes
|
P
|
nane |
nane |
nanem |
naner
|
Definitie article and neutral demonstrative
|
Nominative |
Accusative |
Dative |
Genitive
|
SM
|
dei |
dään |
diem |
däs
|
SF
|
döü |
döü |
dier |
dier
|
SN
|
dät |
dät |
diem |
däs
|
P
|
due |
due |
duem |
duer
|
Near demonstrative
|
Nominative |
Accusative |
Dative |
Genitive
|
SM
|
dis |
dissen |
dissem |
disses
|
SF
|
disse |
disse |
disser |
disser
|
SN
|
dis |
dis |
dissem |
disses
|
P
|
disse |
disse |
dissem |
disser
|
Far demonstrative
Strong declension
|
|
Nominative |
Accusative |
Dative |
Genitive
|
SM
|
joan |
joanen |
joanem |
joanes
|
SF
|
joane |
joane |
joaner |
joaner
|
SN
|
joan |
joan |
joanem |
joanes
|
P
|
joane |
joane |
joanem |
joaner
|
Weak declension
|
SM
|
joane |
joanen |
joanen |
joanen
|
SF
|
joane |
joanen |
joanen |
joanen
|
SN
|
joane |
joane |
joanen |
joanen
|
P
|
joanen |
joanen |
joanem |
joanen
|
Adjectives
Strong adjective declension
|
Nominative |
Accusative |
Dative |
Genitive
|
SM
|
— |
-en |
-em |
-es
|
SF
|
-e |
-e |
-er |
-er
|
SN
|
— |
— |
-em |
-es
|
P
|
-e |
-e |
-em |
-er
|
Weak adjective declension
|
Nominative |
Accusative |
Dative |
Genitive
|
SM
|
-e |
-en |
-en |
-en
|
SF
|
-e |
-en |
-en |
-en
|
SN
|
-e |
-e |
-en |
-en
|
P
|
-en |
-en |
-em |
-en
|
Numerals
Number |
Cardinal |
Ordinal
|
0
|
nuecht |
nuechtede
|
1
|
uen |
ierste
|
2
|
twue |
twuede
|
3
|
dröü |
dridde
|
4
|
vöür |
vöürde
|
5
|
vijf |
vijfte
|
6
|
zechs |
zechste
|
7
|
zöaven |
zöavede
|
8
|
ächt |
ächtede
|
9
|
nijn |
nijde
|
10
|
tein |
töüde
|
11
|
ellöaven |
ellöavede
|
12
|
twealf |
twealfte
|
13
|
dröütein |
dröütöüde
|
14
|
vöürtein |
vöürtöüde
|
15
|
vijftein |
vijftöüde
|
16
|
zechstein |
zechstöüde
|
17
|
zöaventein |
zöaventöüde
|
18
|
ächtein |
ächtöüde
|
19
|
nijntein |
nijntöüde
|
20
|
tweintij |
tweintijste
|
30
|
drijtij |
drijtijste
|
40
|
vöürtij |
vöürtijste
|
50
|
vijftij |
vijftijste
|
60
|
zechstij |
zechstijste
|
70
|
zöaventij |
zöaventijste
|
80
|
ächtij |
ächtijste
|
90
|
nijntij |
nijntijste
|
100
|
hundred |
hundredste
|
1000
|
duuzend |
duuzendste
|
Verbs
Examples of verbs
Class 3 strong - zeengen "to sing"
Conjugation of zeengen "to sing"
Infinitive
|
zeengen
|
Present participle
|
zeengend
|
Past participle
|
izoongen
|
|
Present |
Past |
Imperative
|
Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Indicative |
Subjunctive
|
1S
|
zeeng |
zeenge |
zaang |
zoonge |
|
2SI
|
zeengst |
zaangst |
zeeng
|
3S
|
zeengt |
zaang |
|
P
|
zeengt |
zeengen |
zoongen |
zoongen |
zeengt
|
Class 3 regular - weinder "to sell"
Conjugation of weinder "to sell"
Infinitive
|
weinder
|
Present participle
|
weindent
|
Past participle
|
weindet
|
|
Present |
Past |
Imperative
|
Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Indicative |
Subjunctive
|
jou
|
weind |
weinde |
weindui |
weinduse |
|
tu
|
weinds |
weindes |
weinduus |
weinduses |
weind
|
el/elle/lou
|
weindt |
weindet |
weinduust |
weinduset |
|
noes/noezeuts
|
weindens |
weindens |
weinduuns |
weindusens |
|
woes/woezeuts/os
|
weindets |
weindets |
weinduuts |
weindusets |
weindets
|
els/elzeuts
|
weinden |
weinden |
weinduun |
weindusen |
|
Irregular - dijr "to say"=
Conjugation of dijr "to say"
Infinitive
|
dijr
|
Present participle
|
disent
|
Past participle
|
dit
|
|
Present |
Past |
Imperative
|
Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Indicative |
Subjunctive
|
jou
|
dijs |
dise |
disui |
disuse |
|
tu
|
dises |
dises |
disuus |
disuses |
dij
|
el/elle/lou
|
dijst |
diset |
disuust |
disuset |
|
noes/noezeuts
|
disens |
disens |
disuuns |
disusens |
|
woes/woezeuts/os
|
disets |
disets |
disuuts |
disusets |
disets
|
els/elzeuts
|
disen |
disen |
disuun |
disusen |
|
-->
Irregular - wezen "to be"
Conjugation of wezen "to be"
Infinitive
|
wezen
|
Present participle
|
wezend
|
Past participle
|
iböün
|
|
Present |
Past |
Imperative
|
Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Indicative |
Subjunctive
|
1S
|
öm |
böü |
wäs |
wiere |
|
2SI
|
ärt |
wäst |
böü
|
3S
|
is |
wäs |
|
P
|
zind |
böün |
wieren |
wieren |
böüt
|
Irregular: habben "to have"
Conjugation of habben "to have"
Infinitive
|
habben
|
Present participle
|
habbend
|
Past participle
|
ihäd
|
|
Present |
Past |
Imperative
|
Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Indicative |
Subjunctive
|
1S
|
häb |
häbbe |
hädde |
hädde |
|
2SI
|
häst |
häddest |
haaf
|
3S
|
hät |
hädde |
|
P
|
habt |
häbben |
hädden |
hädden |
habt
|
Syntax
Vocabulary
Time - Tijd
Seasons - Due jüertijde
English |
Voltch
|
spring |
lenkten
|
summer |
zomer
|
fall |
häärvest
|
winter |
weenter
|
Days of the week - Due daais of döü weken
English |
Voltch
|
Sunday |
ierstendaai
|
Monday |
twuedendaai
|
Tuesday |
driddendaai
|
Wednesday |
vöürdendaai
|
Thursday |
vijftendaai
|
Friday |
zechstendaai
|
Saturday |
zöavedendaai
|
Parts of the day - Due duele of duem daaie
English |
Voltch
|
day |
daai
|
dawn |
dageng
|
morning |
moargen
|
noon |
middaai
|
afternoon |
äftermiddaai
|
evening |
ieven
|
dusk |
nechteng
|
night |
necht
|
midnight |
midnecht
|
Units of time - Uenhuedes of tijde
English |
Voltch
|
second |
zekoond
|
minute |
minuute
|
hour |
tijm
|
day |
daai
|
week |
weke
|
month |
mound
|
season |
jüertijd
|
year |
jüer
|
-->
Time adverbs - Tijdes bijwoorde
English |
Voltch
|
now |
nuu
|
then |
don
|
recently, a short time ago, just |
zuenuu
|
earlier |
räder
|
soon, shortly |
zoun
|
later |
zijd; läter
|
always |
zemblen
|
often |
often
|
sometimes |
wijlen
|
rarely |
zealden
|
never |
niever
|
ever |
iever
|
still, yet |
jijt
|
already |
ier
|
today |
toudaai
|
tonight |
tounecht
|
yesterday |
jeerstendaai
|
last night |
jeerstennecht
|
tomorrow |
toumoargen
|
before yesterday |
ierjeerstendaai
|
two nights ago |
ierjeerstennecht
|
after tomorrow |
oavermoargen
|
this week |
disse weke
|
last week |
lätste weke
|
next week |
nichste weke
|
Colours - Düeges
Colours - Due düeges
English |
Voltch
|
white |
wijt
|
grey |
grij
|
black |
zwäärt
|
red |
rüed
|
orange |
orancge
|
brown |
bruun
|
yellow |
jöale
|
green |
grein
|
blue |
blöü
|
pink |
rueze
|
purple |
poorper
|
golden |
göölden
|
Example texts
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)
Älle men wöardet vröü and ilijc on uere and rechtem iboaren. Glöüscip and touknounes zind him jifted, and hij scolen...
- ^ a b c ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩, when unstressed, are sometimes pronounced /ə/.