User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.9
Muna | |
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Pronunciation | [/ˈmuna/] |
Created by | Miguel Bartelsman |
Date | 2015 |
Setting | Fantasy world |
Conlang
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Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stop | p | t | k | |||||
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
Fricative | Spirant | β | ɸ | ð | θ | ɣ | h | |
Silibant | s | |||||||
Liquid | Flap | ɾ | ||||||
Approx. | l | |||||||
Glide | Approx. | j | w |
Vowels
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
Unrounded | Rounded | |
Close | i | u |
Mid | e | o |
Open | a | ɒ |
Diphthongs
a | e | ɒ | o | |
---|---|---|---|---|
i | ai | ei | — | — |
u | — | — | ɒu | ou |
Phonotactics
Syllable (σ) | ||||
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Onset (ω) | Rime (ρ) | |||
Initial (ι) | Medial (μ) | Nucleus (ν) | Coda (κ) | |
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Initial (ι)
- Initials are optional word-initially and mandatory elsewhere
- Can’t have the same manner of articulation as a preceding coda
- /s/ + stop is only allowed word-initially
Medial (μ)
- Medials are optional
- Liquids are only allowed after stops or fricatives
- Plosives are only allowed after /s/
- /s/ Is only allowed after nasals or liquids
- /s/ is forbidden on a first syllable or after a closed syllable
Nucleus (ν)
- Nuclei are mandatory
- Diphthongs are not allowed after a semivowel
Coda (κ)
- Codas are optional
- Nasals must have the same place of articulation as the following obstruent
- Liquid + fricative are only allowed word-finally
- Liquid + nasal are only allowed word-finally
Stress
Stress is placed on the first syllable of words that start with an onset or monosyllabic words and in the second syllable of words with two or more syllables that start with a vowel.
Allophony
- Spirants and plosives with the same place of articulation merge and become geminated voiced plosives
- [βp] → [bː]
- [βp] → [bː]
- Spirants undergo fortition, becoming voiced plosives, when adjacent to plosives with a different place of articulation or nasals
- [ðn] → [dn]
- [tɣ] → [tg]
- A voiced spirant is added between a nasal and the alveolar flap, corresponding to the same place of articulation as the nasal
- [nɾ] → [nðɾ]
- [nɾ] → [nðɾ]
- The velar spirant merges with the preceding vowel into a voiceless vowel before a consonant
- [ehn] → [e̥n]
- [ehn] → [e̥n]
- The alveolar voiced spirant undergoes fortition before the lateral fricative and...
- The lateral fricative becomes a lateral release after an alveolar plosive
- [ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]
- [ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]
- The alveolar and velar nasals merge with the palatal glide to form a palatal nasal
- [nj] → [ɲ]
- [nj] → [ɲ]
- The alveolar sibilant merges with the palatal glide into a voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
- [sj] → [ʃ]
- [sj] → [ʃ]
- The velar spirant and the palatal glide merge into a voiceless palatal-velar fricative
- [hj] → [ɧ]
- [hj] → [ɧ]
- The velar spirant and the labiovelar glide merge into a voiceless labiovelar approximant
- [hw] → [ʍ]
- [hw] → [ʍ]
- The labiovelar glide turns into labialization after a voiced velar plosive or spirant
- [ɣw] → [ɣʷ]
- [ɣw] → [ɣʷ]
- The palatal glide becomes a voiced palatal fricative word-initially
- [∅j] → [ʝ]
- [∅j] → [ʝ]
- The labiovelar glide becomes a labiodental approximant word-initially
- [∅w] → [ʋ]
Ortography
Verbs
Verbs agree with the most active argument in both number and person.
Verb morphology
Verbs can be conjugated for:
- Tense
- Past
- Present
- Future
- Polarity
- Positive
- Negative
Coverbs may be used to mark:
- Aspect
- Gnomic
- Perfective
- Imperfective
- Ingressive
- Pausative
- Resumptive
- Egressive
- Mood
- Volitive
- Potential
- Conditional
- Imperative
- Prohibitive
Conjugations
Verbs in Muna have three conjugations depending on the 'thematic vowel' of the verb (the nucleus of the penultimate syllable of the base form). Verbs are named based on the second person singular future suffix.
Ir-verbs
Ir-verbs are verbs whose thematic vowel is either a
or e
and are not preceded by j
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Infinitive | v-a | |||||
Past | v-e | v-er | v-ohan | v-orn | v-on | |
Present | v-a | v-ar | v-ahan | v-arn | v-an | |
Future | v̝-i | v̝-ir | v̝-ihan | v̝-irn | v̝-in |
hema | Singular | Plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Infinitive | hema | |||||
Past | heme | hemer | hemohan | hemorn | hemon | |
Present | hema | hemar | hemahan | hemarn | heman | |
Future | himi | himir | himihan | himirn | himin |
-Air verbs
Air-verbs are verbs whose thematic vowel is either a
or e
and are preceded by j
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Infinitive | v-a | |||||
Past | v-e | v-er | v-ohan | v-orn | v-on | |
Present | v-a | v-ar | v-ahan | v-arn | v-an | |
Future | v̙-i | v̙-air | v̙-ir | v̙-aihan | v̙-airn | v̙-ain |
kjesta | Singular | Plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Infinitive | kjesta | |||||
Past | kjeste | kjester | kjestohan | kjestorn | kjeston | |
Present | kjesta | kjestar | kjestahan | kjestarn | kjestan | |
Future | kjosti | kjostair | kjostir | kjostaihan | kjostairn | kjostain |
-Asir verbs
Asir-verbs are verbs whose thematic vowel is not a
nor e
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Infinitive | -a | |||||
Past | -as | -aser | -ase | -ahon | -aron | |
Present | -a | -asar | -asa | -ahan | -aran | |
Future | -ai | -asir | -asi | -aihan | -airan |
runa | Singular | Plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Infinitive | runa | |||||
Past | runas | runaser | runase | runahon | runaron | |
Present | runa | runasar | runasa | runahan | runaran | |
Future | runai | runasir | runasi | runaihan | runairan |
Nouns
Phonotactic restrictions
All nouns, in their base form, must have one of the following ending patterns:
-a(C)(C)
-e(C)(C)
-i(C)(C)
Noun classes
Gender
Feminine
Masculine
Neuter
Weight
Light
Heavy
Case
Nominative
Absolutive
Dative
Genitive
Locative
Instrumental
Number
Singular
Plural
Singulative
Mass
Plurative
Dependency structure
Genitive | Determiner | Quantifier | Adjective | Noun | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Root | Case | Number |
Syntax
In all cases the agent comes before the object as both can take either the absolutive or nominative cases depending on the particular situation. The verb comes last in all non-interrogative constructions.
- Passive
- Passive Subject + (Oblique) + Verb
- Anti-Passive
- Active Subject + (Oblique) + Verb
- Standard
- Active Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb
- Involuntary action
- Passive Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb
- Assisted action
- Active Agent + Active Object + (Oblique) + Verb
- Interrogative
- Verb + ... + (Oblique)
Muna Versions
Current version is v2.9, other versions hosted on Linguifex are below