Aryan

Aryan (Pre-Expansion: *Airáh₀, pronounced /ai̯ˈrəʔ/; Post-Expansion: *Āryā́, pronounced /aːˈri̯aː/) is an ab interiori language equivalent to the reconstruction of Indo-European Languages (Proto-Indo-European).

Aryan
*airáh₀
Pronunciation	[ai̯ˈrəʔ]
Created by	Veno
Date	8000-6000 BP
Setting	Caucasus Mountains
Native speakers	- (2024)
Language family	Pangaean Code Aryan
Early form	Transitional Dialect
Writing system	Latin
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Introduction

[...]
The language is demonstrared using two modern Indo-European languages (German and Russian) and two ancient ones (Latin and Greek).

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar
Nasal	Voiceless	*m̥	*n̥
Nasal	Voiced	*m	*n
Plosive	Voiceless
	Voiced
	Aspirated-
	Aspirated+
	Ejective
Fricative	Voiceless
Fricative	Voiced
Vibrant	Voiceless
Vibrant	Voiced
Lateral	Voiceless
Lateral	Voiced
Approximant	Voiceless
Approximant	Voiced

Transitional Tables

	Sanskrit	Avestan	O.C.S.	Lithuanian	Albanian	Armenian	Hittite	Tocharian	Greek	Latin	Goidelic	Gothic
>*p	p; pʰ	p; f	p	p	p	h; w	p; pp	p	p / pt	p	∅	f; β
>*t				x x
>*k		x x
>*ḱ		x x

p pt p ∅ f; b [β] [C 6] f; v, f[C 2]

thorn clusters, *sD, *sR, ? *ts, ? Bartholomae's law...

Table 1. Reflexes of Proto-Indo-European single consonants
PIE	Indo-Iranian		Balto-Slavic		Alb.	Arm.	Anatol.	Toch.	Greek		Italic	Celtic		Germanic
	Sanskrit	Avestan	O.C.S.	Lith.			Hitt.		Greek		Latin	Old Irish		Gothic	English
	Sanskrit	Avestan	O.C.S.	Lith.			Hitt.		normal	C+[j] ^{[C 1]}	Latin	normal	-C- ^{[C 2]} ^{[C 1]}	Gothic	English
*p	p; ph [pʰ] ^{[C 3]}	p; f ^{[C 4]}	p			h; w ^{[C 5]}	p, pp	p		pt	p	∅		f; b [β] ^{[C 6]}	f; v, f^{[C 2]}
*t	t; th [t̪ʰ] ^{[C 3]}	t; θ^{[C 4]}	t			tʿ [tʰ]	t, tt; z [ts] ^{[C 7]}	t; c [c] ^{[C 7]}	t	s; tt/ss^{[C 5]}	t	t	th [θ]	þ [θ]; d [ð]; ^{[C 6]}	th; d; ^{[C 6]}
*ḱ	ś [ɕ]	s		š [ʃ]	th [θ]; k^{[C 8]}	s	k, kk	k; ś [ɕ]^{[C 8]}	k		c [k]	c [k]	ch [x]	h; g [ɣ] ^{[C 6]}	h; ∅;^{[C 2]} y ^{[C 6]}
*k	k; c [t͡ɕ]; ^{[C 7]} kh [kʰ] ^{[C 3]}	k; c [tʃ]; ^{[C 7]} x^{[C 4]}	k; č [tʃ]; ^{[C 7]} c [ts]^{[C 9]}	k	k; q [c]^{[C 9]}	kʿ [kʰ]	k, kk		k		c [k]			h; g [ɣ] ^{[C 6]}	h; ∅;^{[C 2]} y ^{[C 6]}
*kʷ	k; c [t͡ɕ]; ^{[C 7]} kh [kʰ] ^{[C 3]}	k; c [tʃ]; ^{[C 7]} x^{[C 4]}	k; č [tʃ]; ^{[C 7]} c [ts]^{[C 9]}	k	k; s; ^{[C 7]} q [c]^{[C 9]}	kʿ [kʰ]	ku, kku		p; t; ^{[C 7]} k^{[C 10]}		qu [kʷ]; c [k] ^{[C 11]}			ƕ [ʍ]; gw, w ^{[C 6]}	wh; w ^{[C 6]}
*b	b; bh ^{[C 3]}	b; β ^{[C 12]}	b			p			b	pt	b	b [b]	-[β]-	p
*d	d; dh ^{[C 3]}	d; δ ^{[C 12]}	d		d; dh [ð]^{[C 2]}	t		ts; ś [ɕ] ^{[C 7]}	d	z [zd] > [z]	d	d [d]	-[ð]-	t
*ǵ	j [d͡ʑ]; h [ɦ] ^{[C 3]}	z		ž [ʒ]	dh [ð]; g^{[C 8]}	c [ts]	k	k; ś [ɕ]^{[C 8]}	g		g	g [ɡ]	-[ɣ]-	k	c / k; ch^{[C 9]}
*g	g; j [d͡ʑ]; ^{[C 7]} gh; ^{[C 3]} h [ɦ] ^{[C 3]}	g; j [dʒ]; ^{[C 7]} γ ^{[C 12]}	g; ž [ʒ]; ^{[C 7]} dz^{[C 9]}	g	g	k	k		g		g	g [ɡ]	-[ɣ]-	k	c / k; ch^{[C 9]}
*gʷ	g; j [d͡ʑ]; ^{[C 7]} gh; ^{[C 3]} h [ɦ] ^{[C 3]}	g; j [dʒ]; ^{[C 7]} γ ^{[C 12]}	g; ž [ʒ]; ^{[C 7]} dz^{[C 9]}	g	g; z; ^{[C 7]} gj [ɟ]^{[C 9]}	k	ku		b; d; ^{[C 7]} g^{[C 10]}		u [w > v]; gu [ɡʷ] ^{[C 13]}	b [b]	-[β]-	q [kʷ]	qu
*pʰ	bh [bʱ]	b; β ^{[C 12]}	b			b; w^{[C 2]}	p		ph [pʰ]	pt	f;^{[C 14]} b	b [b]	-[β]-	b [b]; b [β];^{[C 2]} f ^{[C 15]}	b; v / f^{[C 16]}
*tʰ	dh [dʱ]	d; δ ^{[C 12]}	d				t	t; c [c] ^{[C 7]}	th [tʰ]	tt/ss	f;^{[C 14]} d; b ^{[C 17]}	d [d]	-[ð]-	d; d [ð];^{[C 2]} þ ^{[C 15]}	d
*ǵʰ	h [ɦ]	z		ž [ʒ]	dh [ð]; d^{[C 8]}	j [dz]; z^{[C 2]}	k	k; ś [ɕ] ^{[C 7]}	kh [kʰ]		h; h / g^{[C 8]}	g [ɡ]	-[ɣ]-	g; g [ɣ];^{[C 2]} g [x] ^{[C 15]}	g; y / w^{[C 16]}
*gʰ	gh [ɡʱ]; h [ɦ] ^{[C 7]}	g; j [dʒ]; ^{[C 7]} γ ^{[C 12]}	g; ž [ʒ]; ^{[C 7]} dz^{[C 9]}	g	g	g; ǰ [dʒ] ^{[C 7]}	k		kh [kʰ]		h; h / g^{[C 8]}			g; g [ɣ];^{[C 2]} g [x] ^{[C 15]}	g; y / w^{[C 16]}
*gʷʰ	gh [ɡʱ]; h [ɦ] ^{[C 7]}	g; j [dʒ]; ^{[C 7]} γ ^{[C 12]}	g; ž [ʒ]; ^{[C 7]} dz^{[C 9]}	g	g; z; ^{[C 7]} gj [ɟ]^{[C 9]}	g; ǰ [dʒ] ^{[C 7]}	ku		ph [pʰ]; th [tʰ]; ^{[C 7]} kh [kʰ]^{[C 10]}		f;^{[C 14]} g / u [w];^{[C 2]} gu [ɡʷ] ^{[C 13]}			g; b;^{[C 14]} w;^{[C 2]} gw ^{[C 13]}	g; b;^{[C 14]} w^{[C 2]}
*s	s	h [h, x]	s		sh [ʃ]; gj [ɟ];^{[C 18]} h^{[C 2]}	h; ∅^{[C 2]}	š [s]	s; ṣ [ʂ]	h;^{[C 14]} s;^{[C 19]}^{[C 15]}/ ∅;^{[C 2]} [¯] ^{[C 20]}	i	s; r^{[C 2]}	s ʃ	-[h]-	s; z ^{[C 6]}	s; r ^{[C 6]}
*s	ṣ [ʂ]^{[C 21]}	š [ʃ]^{[C 21]}	x [x]^{[C 21]}	š [ʃ]^{[C 21]}	sh [ʃ]; gj [ɟ];^{[C 18]} h^{[C 2]}	h; ∅^{[C 2]}	š [s]	s; ṣ [ʂ]	h;^{[C 14]} s;^{[C 19]}^{[C 15]}/ ∅;^{[C 2]} [¯] ^{[C 20]}	i	s; r^{[C 2]}	s ʃ	-[h]-	s; z ^{[C 6]}	s; r ^{[C 6]}
*m	m									in	m	m [m]	-[w̃]-	m
*-m ^{[C 15]}	m		˛ [˜]	n		∅	n	n		--	m [˜]	n		∅
*n	n		n; ˛ [˜] ^{[C 15]}	n				n; ñ [ɲ]	n	in	n
*l	r (dial. l)	r	l		l; ll [ɫ]^{[C 2]}	l / ɫ [ɫ > ɣ]	l			il	l
*r	r/l^{[C 22]}	r			r [ɾ]; rr [r]^{[C 2]}	r				ir	r
*y	y [j]		j [j]		gj [ɟ]; ∅	∅	y [j]		z [zd] > [z] / h; ∅ ^{[C 2]}	?i	i [j]; ∅ ^{[C 2]}	∅		j	y
*w	v [ʋ]	v [w]	v	v [ʋ]	v	g / w	w		w > h / ∅	i	u [w > v]	f	-∅-	w
PIE	Skr.	Av.	O.C.S.	Lith.	Alb.	Arm.	Hitt.	Toch.	Greek	Greek+/j/	Latin	Old Irish		Gothic	English

Notes for table 1:

^ ^a ^b A capital C stands for consonant in this table
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t Between vowels
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Before an original h₂.
^ ^a ^b ^c Before a consonant or original laryngeal.
^ ^a ^b After a vowel.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Following an unstressed vowel (Verner's law).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u Before a (PIE) front vowel (*i, *e).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Before a sonorant.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Before secondary (post-PIE) front-vowels.
^ ^a ^b ^c Before or after a (PIE) u
^ Before or after a (PIE) rounded vowel (*u, *o).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f In Younger Avestan, after a vowel.
^ ^a ^b ^c After n.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f At the beginning of a word
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f At the end of a word.
^ ^a ^b Between vowels, or between a vowel and r, l (on either side)
^ After u, r or before r, l.
^ Before a stressed vowel
^ Before or after an obstruent (p, t, k, etc.; s)
^ Before or after a resonant (r, l, m, n).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d After r, u, k, i (Ruki sound law).
^ rare

Consonant clusters

Proto-Indo-European also had numerous consonant clusters, such as *st, *ḱs. In most cases in most languages, each consonant in a cluster develops according to the normal development given in the table above. Many consonant clusters however also show special developments in multiple languages. Some of these are given by the following table (with cases of otherwise predictable development in gray):

Table 2. Reflexes of Proto-Indo-European consonant clusters
PIE	Indo-Iranian		Balto-Slavic		Alb.	Arm.	Anatol.	Toch.	Greek		Italic	Celtic	Germanic
	Skr.	Av.	O.C.S.	Lith.			Hitt.		Greek		Latin	Old Irish	Gothic	English
	Skr.	Av.	O.C.S.	Lith.			Hitt.		normal	C+[j]	Latin	Old Irish	Gothic	English
*sr	sr	r	str	sr	rr [r]	(a)r	š(ša)r ʃʃr		rh	n/a	fr-, -br-	sr	str	str
*tw	tv	θβ	tv	tv	t	kʿ [kʰ]	ttu, ddu		s-, -ss-	n/a	p?	t	þw	thw
*dʰw	dhv	ðβ	dv	dv	d	?	tu, du				f	d	dw	dw
*dw	dv	ðβ	dv	dv	d	(e)rk	tu, du				b	d	tw	tw
*tl			sl	kl, sl					tl		kl	tl
*dl	ll
*dn	nn, ṇṇ
*ḱw	śv	sp	sv	šv	s	sk, š				n/a	qu [kʷ]	cu [kʷ]	Template:Transl [xʷ]	wh
*ǵʰw	hv		zv	žv	z
*ǵw	jv		zv	žv	z								q [kʷ]	qu [kw]
*sw	sv	xuu [xʷ]	sv	sv	v, d^{[CC 1]}	kʿ [kʰ]	normal dev.		h	n/a	su [sw]	s	sw	sw
*sp	sp	sp ^{[CC 2]}	sp		f	sp ^{[CC 2]} / pʿ [pʰ]	normal dev.		sp ^{[CC 2]}	?	sp	f	sp ^{[CC 3]}
*sbʰ		spʰ
*sd	d; ḷ^{[CC 4]} > ḍ, ḍḍ	zd	zd	zd		st					d	-t- [d]	st	st
*sdʰ	dh; ḷh^{[CC 4]} > ḍh, ḍḍh	zd	zd	zd					sth			-t- [d]	zd	d
*st	st; ṣṭ^{[CC 4]}	st ^{[CC 2]}	st		sht [ʃt]	st ^{[CC 2]}	normal dev.		st ^{[CC 2]}	s; tt/ss^{[CC 5]}	st		st ^{[CC 3]}
*sḱ	ch [t͡ɕʰ]; cch^{[CC 5]}	s?	sk	š?	h	?? č`; c`^{[CC 5]}	normal dev.		sk; ^{[CC 2]} kh [kʰ];^{[CC 6]} skh [skʰ] ^{[CC 7]}		sc [sk]	sc [sk]	sk ^{[CC 3]}	sh [ʃ]
*sk	sk, {śc, ch}^{[CC 8]}	sk, sč ^{[CC 2]}	normal dev.		?	sk ^{[CC 2]}	normal dev.		sk; ^{[CC 2]} kh [kʰ];^{[CC 6]} skh [skʰ] ^{[CC 7]}		sc [sk]		sk ^{[CC 3]}
*skʷ	sk, {śc, ch}^{[CC 8]}	sk, sč ^{[CC 2]}	normal dev.		?	sk ^{[CC 2]}	normal dev.		norm.		squ [skʷ]		sq ^{[CC 3]}
*t+t [tst]	tt; tth ^{[CC 9]}	st; sθ?^{[CC 10]}	st		s	s?	zt, zzašt, zzazz [tst]	ss?	st		ss		ss / st
*sǵ	jj
*sgʰ	jj^{[CC 8]}
*dt	tt	st						st	st		s		ss	ss [s]
*ddʰ	ddʰ	zd									d	t
*dʰt	ddʰ	zd, st		st					st
*pt	pt	ft	t?	pt	t				pt		pt	cht [xt]	ft ^{[CC 3]}
*ḱt	ṣṭ [ʂʈ]	št [ʃt]	st	št [ʃt]					kt		ct [kt]		ht ^{[CC 3]}	ght [t] ^{[CC 3]}
*kt	kt	xt	t?	kt					kt		ct [kt]
*kʷt	kt	xt	t?	kt					pt		ct [kt]
*ps	ps								ps		ps	s, ss	fs	ps
*ts	ts
*ḱs	kṣ	š			sh [ʃ]				ks		x [ks]		hs	x [ks]
*ks	kṣ^{[CC 4]}	xš^{[CC 4]}						(ks)	ks		x [ks]		hs
*kʷs	kṣ^{[CC 4]}	xš^{[CC 4]}					kʷs		ps		x [ks]
*gs	kṣ
*gʷs	kṣ
*ǵʰs	kṣ	ž								ks
*gʰs	kṣ
*gʷʰs	kṣ								ps
*tḱ	kṣ	š			k				kt		s
*tk	kṣ	xš							kt
*dʰǵʰ	kṣ	z		ž			tk	tk/k	khth
*dʰgʰ	kṣ						tk
*dʰgʷʰ	kṣ	γž					kts		phth		s
PIE	Skr.	Av.	O.C.S.	Lith.	Alb.	Arm.	Hitt.	Toch.	Greek	Greek+/j/	Latin	Old Irish	Gothic	English

-->

Orthography

Trad. PIE	Laryng. PIE	Skr.	Av.	O.C.S.	Lith.	Arm.	Alb.	Toch.	Hitt.	Greek	Latin^{[V 1]}	Proto-Celtic	Gothic^{[V 2]}	Old English^{[V 1]}
Trad. PIE	Laryng. PIE	Skr.	Av.	O.C.S.	Lith.	Arm.	Alb.	Toch.	Hitt.	Greek	Latin^{[V 1]}	Proto-Celtic	Gothic^{[V 2]}	normal	umlauted^{[V 3]}
*e	e, h₁e	a		e			je, ie, e, i; ja^{[V 4]}	ä	e, ʔe, i	e			i; aí [ɛ]^{[V 5]}	e; eo^{[V 6]}	i; ie^{[V 6]}
*a	(a^{[V 7]}), h₂e			o	a	a	ha, a	ā	ha, a	a			a	æ; a;^{[V 8]} ea^{[V 6]}	e; ie^{[V 6]}
*o	*h₃e					o, a	a	a, e	a	o
*o	*o	a; ā^{[V 9]}				o, a		a, e	a	o
*ə^{[V 10]}	*h₁^{[V 10]}	i	i, ∅	∅		a, ∅		ā	∅	e	a		a, ∅
	*h₂^{[V 10]}								ḫ	a
	*h₃^{[V 10]}								∅	o
*-	*h₁-^{[V 11]}	∅				e (a?)	∅		a, ∅	e (o)	∅
	*h₂-^{[V 11]}					a			ḫa	a
	*h₃-^{[V 11]}					a			a, ha	o
*ē	ē, eh₁	ā		ě	ė	i	o, ua	a/e?; ā?^{[V 12]}	ē, e, i	ē		ī	ē	ǣ
*ā	(ā^{[V 7]}), eh₂			a	o [oː]	a	o, ua	a/o?	a, ah	ā > ē^{[V 13]}	ā	ā	ō		ē
*ō	ō, eh₃			a	uo	u	e	a/ā?; ū?^{[V 12]}	a, ā	ō		ā; ū^{[V 12]}	ō		ē
*i	*i	i		ь	i	i	i; e^{[V 14]}	ä	i, ī	i			i; aí [ɛ]^{[V 5]}	i
*ī	*ih₁	ī		i	y [iː]	i	i	i		ī	ī		ei [iː]	ī
	*ih₂					i or ^(j)a?^{[V 15]}		yā		ī or ^(j)ā?^{[V 15]}
	*ih₃					i or ^(j)a?^{[V 15]}		yā		ī or ^(j)ō?^{[V 15]}
*ei	ei, h₁ei	ai > ē	ai > ōi, āi > aē^{[V 9]}		ei; ie^{[V 16]}	i		e	ē	ei	ī	ē
*oi	oi, h₃ei			ě	ai; ie^{[V 16]}	e	e, ai		ē, ai	oi	ū	oi	ái	ā	ǣ
*ai	(ai^{[V 7]}), h₂ei			ě	ai; ie^{[V 16]}	e	e, ai		ē, ai	ai	ae	ai	ái	ā	ǣ
*ēi	*ēi	āi > ai; ā^{[V 12]}	āi; ā(i)^{[V 12]}	i			i		ē	ēi	ī?		ei [iː]	ī
*ōi	ōi (oei)			y; u^{[V 12]}	ai; ui^{[V 12]}		e, ai		ai	ōi	ō	u^{[V 12]}	ái	ā	ǣ
*āi	*eh₂ei			ě			e, ai		ai	āi > ēi^{[V 13]}	ae		ái	ā	ǣ
*u	*u	u		ъ	u	u	u; y^{[V 17]}	ä	u	u	u	u; o^{[V 18]}	u; aú [ɔ]^{[V 5]}	u; o^{[V 19]}	y
*ū	*uh₁	ū		y	ū	u	y; i^{[V 12]}	u		ū	ū				ȳ
	*uh₂					u or ^(w)a?^{[V 15]}		wā		ū or ^(w)ā?^{[V 15]}
	*uh₃					u or ^(w)a?^{[V 15]}		wā		ū or ^(w)ō?^{[V 15]}
*eu	eu, h₁eu	au > ō	ə̄u; ao^{[V 9]}	ju	iau	oy	e	u		eu	ū	ou	iu	ēo	īe
*ou	ou,h₃eu			u	au	oy	a	o, au		ou	ū		áu	ēa
*au	(au^{[V 7]}), h₂eu			u	au	aw	a	o, au		au	au		áu	ēa
*ēu	*ēu	āu > au	āu	u	iau		e				ū?		iu	ēo
*ōu	*ōu	āu > au	āu				a		au	ō			áu	ēa
*m̥	*m̥	a		ę	im̃; um̃^{[V 20]}	am	a	äm	a, un	a	em	em, am	um	um	ym
*m̥̅	*mh₁	ā			ìm; ùm^{[V 20]}	ama		mā		mē	mā
	*mh₂									mā > mē^{[V 13]}
	*mh₃									mō
*m̥m	*m̥m	am		ьm/ъm	im; um^{[V 20]}	am				am	em	am
*n̥	*n̥	a		ę	iñ; uñ^{[V 20]}	an		än	an	a	en	en, an	un	un	yn
*n̥̄	*nh₁	ā			ìn; ùn^{[V 20]}	ana		nā		nē	nā
	*nh₂									nā > nē ^{[V 13]}
	*nh₃									nō
*n̥n	*n̥n	an		ьn/ъn	iñ; uñ^{[V 20]}	an				an	en	an
*l̥	*l̥	r̥	ərə	lь/lъ	il̃; ul̃^{[V 20]}	al	il, li; ul, lu	äl	al	la	ol	li;^{[V 21]} al	ul	ul; ol^{[V 19]}	yl
*l̥̄	*lh₁	īr; ūr^{[V 22]}	arə		ìl; ùl^{[V 20]}	ala	al	lā		lē	lā
	*lh₂									lā > lē^{[V 13]}
	*lh₃									lō
*l̥l	*l̥l	ir; ur^{[V 22]}	ar	ьl/ъl	il; ul^{[V 20]}	al, la				al	el	al
*r̥	*r̥	r̥	ərə	rь/rъ	ir̃; ur̃^{[V 20]}	ar	ir, ri; ur, ru	är	ar, ur	ra	or	ri;^{[V 21]} ar	aúr [ɔr]	ur; or^{[V 19]}	yr
*r̥̄	*rh₁	īr; ūr^{[V 22]}	arə		ìr; ùr^{[V 20]}	ara	ra	rā		rē	rā
	*rh₂									rā > rē^{[V 13]}
	*rh₃									rō
*r̥r	*r̥r	ir; ur^{[V 22]}	ar	ьr/ъr	ir; ur^{[V 20]}	ar				ar	ar	ar
Trad. PIE	Laryng. PIE	Skr.	Av.	O.C.S.	Lith.	Arm.	Alb.	Toch.	Hitt.	Greek	Latin^{[V 1]}	Proto-Celtic	Gothic^{[V 2]}	normal	umlauted^{[V 3]}
Trad. PIE	Laryng. PIE	Skr.	Av.	O.C.S.	Lith.	Arm.	Alb.	Toch.	Hitt.	Greek	Latin^{[V 1]}	Proto-Celtic	Gothic^{[V 2]}	Old English^{[V 1]}

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Correlatives

German:

dieser Mensch
dies-er	Mensch
DEITIC.PROXIMAL-MASCULINE.SINGULAR.NOMINATIVE	person
"this"	"person"
this person

Russian:

этот человек
эт-от	человек
DEITIC-MASCULINE.SINGULAR.NOMINATIVE	person.NOMINATIVE
"this"	"person"
this person

Latin:

iste homo
iste	homo
DEITIC.PROXIMAL .NOMINATIVE	person.NOMINATIVE
"that"	"person"
that person

Greek:

οὗτος ἄνθρωπος
οὗτ-ος	ἄνθρωπ-ος
DEITIC.PROXIMAL-MASCULINE.SINGULAR.NOMINATIVE	person-MASCULINE.SINGULAR.NOMINATIVE
"this"	"person"
this person

Aryan:

*tad dʰgʰā́m
*tad	*dʰgʰā́m
DEITIC.3PERSON.SINGULAR.NOMINATIVE	soil(adjective).SINGULAR.NOMINATIVE
"that"	"person"
that person

The above samples follow the term *tad instead of *sa, as the former is used to refer to third person in general. *sa *tad <

h0e * eah0 *as *ats
- pʰirás > pʰā́r = *dʰgʰūmás > *gʰā́mar, *gʰā́man
- pʰerós > *phṓr dʰ

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "CC", but no corresponding <references group="CC"/> tag was found
Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "V", but no corresponding <references group="V"/> tag was found

[consonants-1] A capital C stands for consonant in this table

[VXV-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t Between vowels

[P+H-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Before an original h₂.

[CH-4] Before a consonant or original laryngeal.

[VCV-5] After a vowel.

[Verner-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Following an unstressed vowel (Verner's law).

[Cie-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u Before a (PIE) front vowel (*i, *e).

[XSon-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Before a sonorant.

[Xie-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Before secondary (post-PIE) front-vowels.

[Xu-10] Before or after a (PIE) u

[11] Before or after a (PIE) rounded vowel (*u, *o).

[YAv-12] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f In Younger Avestan, after a vowel.

[ngw-13] After n.

[#X-14] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f At the beginning of a word

[final-15] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f At the end of a word.

[VXVR-16] Between vowels, or between a vowel and r, l (on either side)

[17] After u, r or before r, l.

[X’V-18] Before a stressed vowel

[PCP-19] Before or after an obstruent (p, t, k, etc.; s)

[20] Before or after a resonant (r, l, m, n).

[Ruki-21] After r, u, k, i (Ruki sound law).

[rare-22] rare

[C 1]

[C 2]

[C 3]

[C 4]

[C 5]

[C 6]

[C 7]

[C 8]

[C 9]

[C 10]

[C 11]

[C 12]

[C 13]

[C 14]

[C 15]

[C 16]

[C 17]

[C 18]

[C 19]

[C 20]

[C 21]

[C 22]

[CC 1]

[CC 2]

[CC 3]

[CC 4]

[CC 5]

[CC 6]

[CC 7]

[CC 8]

[CC 9]

[CC 10]

[V 1]

[V 2]

[V 3]

[V 4]

[V 5]

[V 6]

[V 7]

[V 8]

[V 9]

[V 10]

[V 11]

[V 12]

[V 13]

[V 14]

[V 15]

[V 16]

[V 17]

[V 18]

[V 19]

[V 20]

[V 21]

[V 22]

Aryan

Contents

Introduction

Phonology

Consonants

Transitional Tables

Consonant clusters

Orthography

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Correlatives

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

Navigation menu

Aryan

Introduction

Phonology

Consonants

Transitional Tables

Consonant clusters

Orthography

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Correlatives

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

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