Linguifex

Jovlish

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Jovlish
Öggeş
Jovlish Flag.png
Flag of the Kingdom of Jovaia
Pronunciation[ˈʒoːvlɛʃ]
Created byVrianne
Date2024
SettingEarth
Native toJovaia
EthnicityJovler
Early forms
Proto-Indo-European
Standard form
Royal Jovlish (Künöggeş (Künöggeş))
Dialects
  • Turkish Jovlish (Türköggeş)
  • Georgian Jovlish (ქორთულეუგგეშ (Kortuleuggeş))
Official status
Official language in
Jovaia
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated byJovlish Royal Academy (Öxkünakademya (Öxkünakademya))
Jovlish Speakers.png
Map of areas where Jovlish is spoken
  ...as a majority language
  ...as a minority language
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Jovlish (Öggeş, Öggeş [ˈʔœɡɡɛʃ], formally itÖxsψış, itÖxspsış [ʔɪˈtœks(ː)ˌpsωʃ] or iJóvalsψış, iJóvalspsış [ʔɪˈʒo(ː)vɐlsˌpsωʃ]) is an Anglic Germanic language whose speakers mainly reside in the Pontus region (Jovlish: Pont, Pont [pʰɔ̃ntʰ]) split between the Republic of Türkiye, the Kingdom of Jovaia, and the Republic of Georgia. It is descended from the Old English spoken by the Anglo-Saxon refugees fleeing from the Norman invasion of England to the Black Sea, thus making it related to other Anglic languages such as English and Scots, and to other Anglo-Frisian languages such as the Frisian languages.

Classification

Jovlish is an Indo-European language that belongs to the Anglo-Frisian branch of the West Germanic languages, which in-turn is also a branch of the Germanic languages. It is specifically an Anglic language descending from the West Saxon dialect of Old English.

Anglo-Frisian Cognates with matching definitions
Jovlish English Scots West Frisian
brıh (brıh) brother brither broer
veş (veş) week wouk wike
fód (fód) father faither faar
Jöq (Jöq) Earth Erd Ierde
şīd (şīd) head heid haad
mēqk (mēqk) milk milk molke
reş (reş) right richt rjocht
űvn (űvn) give* gie jaan

History

Old Jovlish (12th–15th century)

By the late 12th and early 13th centuries, the speech of the Anglo-Saxon settlers had diverged noticeably from Old English, forming what is now referred to as Old Jovlish. During this period, extensive contact with the Byzantine Empire led to the incorporation of numerous Greek loanwords, particularly in religious, administrative, and scholarly domains. Additionally, some lexical influences from Adyghe and other nearby languages entered Jovlish, although its core grammatical structure remained largely unchanged from that of Old English.

Middle Jovlish (16th–17th century)

The 16th century marked the transition to Middle Jovlish, characterized by increased linguistic borrowing and grammatical transformation. During this period, Jovlish absorbed a substantial number of loanwords from Ottoman Turkish, Russian, and Classical Persian. These influences were particularly strong in trade, military, and governmental terminology.

One of the most significant grammatical developments in this period was the fusion of pronouns with conjugated verbs, leading to its characteristically un-Germanic verbal paradigm.

Jovlish's orthography remained largely static thus far, leading to a growing divergence between written and spoken forms. As such, words spelled as "mennisćmæn" ("human"), which reflected the Old Jovlish pronunciation /ˈmenniʃˌmæn/ quite accurately, would have been pronounced as /ˈmɛʃmæn/ by Middle Jovlish speakers.

The early 17th century saw the forced migration of many Jovlish-speaking communities due to Russian military campaigns in the Caucasus, which displaced numerous ethnic groups. Many Jovlish speakers were resettled in the Pontic region.

 
15th-century written form of "Ælfréd óþ" ("Alfred II")

Modern Jovlish (17th century–present)

The 17th century marked the definitive split of Jovlish into two primary dialects:

  • Turkish Jovlish, spoken primarily in modern-day Turkey, especially in former Greek-populated areas along the Black Sea coast.
  • Georgian Jovlish, concentrated in western Georgia.

Following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and during the Turkish War of Independence, efforts were made to standardize and preserve the Jovlish language. During this period, a standardized script was created, grammar and pronunciation were codified, and educational and linguistic institutions were established, though these efforts were geographically limited to within the borders of Jovaia.

Despite these efforts, the varieties spoken in Turkey and Georgia remained poorly documented and unstandardized, leading to an ongoing decline in speakers.

Etymology

Throughout their history, Jovlers were referred to by names such as "(east) English", "(west) Saxon", "Dutch", etc. The endonym "öggeş" (öggeş) and its derivatives come from Middle Jovlish "elggisć" /ˈɛu̯ɡɡɛʃ/, a common metathesized form of "egglisć" /ˈɛɡ(ː)lɛʃ/ ("English") which was one of the terms used by Jovlers to refer to themselves colloquially, aside from "seaxisć" /ˈsiɐ̯ksɛʃ/, "éaæ̈lisć" /ˈjɔu̯wælɛʃ/, "teutonisć" /ˈtɛu̯tɔnɛʃ/, and "łormánisć" /ʁɔrˈmɔu̯nɛʃ/. Both "elggisć" and "egglisć" ultimately are from Old English "englisċ", thus making "öggeş" (öggeş, "Jovlish") and "egleş" (egleş, "English") doublets.

The exonym "jovlish" used in English and many other languages such as German "jovalisch", French "jovalais", Arabic "ياولي" (yāwiliyy), Greek "γεβαλικός" (gevalikós), and Russian "ювалский" (juvalskij) all trace to either Modern Jovlish "jóvleş" (jóvleş, "Jovlish (nationally)"), Early Modern Jovlish "*jóvaleş", or Middle Jovlish "éaæ̈lisć" /ˈjɔu̯wælɛʃ/. This endonym eventually fell out of use in favor of "öggeş" (öggeş) linguistically, but it is still used gentilicly such as in "Jóvaya" (Jóvaya, "Jovaia"). It comes from Early Middle Jovlish "éasægglisć" /ˈjɑːstˌæɡɡliʃ/, literally meaning "east english", in reference to their location relative to England and the English.

Phonology

Old Jovlish

Vowels

Front Back
unrounded rounded
Close i iː ⟨í⟩ y yː ⟨ý⟩ u uː ⟨ú⟩
Mid e eː ⟨é⟩ ø ⟨œ⟩ o oː ⟨ó⟩
Open æ æː ⟨ǽ⟩ ɑ ⟨a⟩ ɑː ⟨á⟩
Rising Falling
-yː -u -ø -o -oː -æ -ɑ -ɑː -ʊ̯ -ɔ̯ -œ̯ -ɐ̯
i- iʊ̯ ⟨(ǵ)eu⟩ iɔ̯ ⟨(ǵ)eo⟩ iœ̯ ⟨(ǵ)eœ⟩ iɐ̯ ⟨(ǵ)ea⟩
iː- iːɔ̯ ⟨(ǵ)éo⟩ iːœ̯ ⟨(ǵ)éy⟩ iːɐ̯ ⟨(ǵ)éa⟩
j- jyː ⟨éy⟩ ju ⟨eu⟩ jø ⟨eœ⟩ jo ⟨eo⟩ joː ⟨éo⟩ jæ ⟨eæ⟩ jɑ ⟨ea⟩ jɑː ⟨éa⟩

Notes:

  • /i y u e ø o/ may have been realized as [ɪ ʏ ʊ ɛ œ ɔ].

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Post-Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ ⟨ng⟩
Plosive voiceless p t t͡ʃ ⟨ć⟩ k ⟨c⟩
voiced b d d͡ʒ ⟨cǵ⟩ ɡ ⟨g⟩
Fricative voiceless f θ ⟨þ⟩ s ʃ ⟨sć⟩ (ç) x~χ ⟨h⟩ (h)
voiced v ⟨f, ƀ⟩ ð ⟨þ⟩ z ⟨s⟩ (ʝ) ʁ ⟨ǥ, ł, ɍ⟩
Trill r
Approximant l j ⟨ǵ, i, e, é⟩ w ⟨uu⟩

Notes:

  • /ð/ is an allophone of /θ/ when inter-vocalic or clustered with a voiced consonant. The same applies to the voicing pairs /v z/ and /f s/, though /v z/ have since become phonemic.
  • /ç ʝ/ are allophones of /x~χ ʁ/ near /i(ː) y(ː) e(ː) ø/.
  • /h/ is an allophone of /x~χ/ morpheme-initially.

Phonological shifts from Old English

  • Homorganic lengthening and Pre-cluster shortening were carried over from the transition from Old English to Middle English.
  • Geminated /ɡɡ, dd͡ʒ/ lose their gemination.
  • Nasal-plosive sequences become pure nasals morpheme-finally and geminate plosives elsewhere.
    • /mp/ > /m/ morpheme-finally, /pp/ elsewhere.
    • /mb/ > /m/ morpheme-finally, /bb/ elsewhere.
    • /nt/ > /n/ morpheme-finally, /tt/ elsewhere.
    • /nd/ > /n/ morpheme-finally, /dd/ elsewhere.
    • /ŋk/ > /ŋ/ morpheme-finally, /kk/ elsewhere.
    • /ŋɡ/ > /ŋ/ morpheme-finally, /ɡɡ/ elsewhere.
  • /m/ > /n/ morpheme-finally, though some words were unaffected.
  • /kn, kl/ > /kʃn, kʃl/, though not orthographically represented.
  • /wr-/ > /wyrˠ-/ before a syllable containing a front vowel and /wurˠ-/ before a syllable containing a back vowel.
  • Voiceless sonorants become geminate fricatives.
    • /n̥/ > /xx/.
    • /r̥/ > /θθ/.
    • /l̥/ -> /ʃʃ/.
    • /w̥/ -> /ff/.
  • /krV, klV/ > /kVrˠ, kVlˠ/ sporadically and with short vowels only.
  • /ɣ, rˠ, lˠ/ merge into /ʁ/.
  • /æ͜ɑ, e͜o, i͜y/ > /jæ, jø, jø/ word-initially, /jɑ, jo, ju/ word-initially and before either /ʁ/ or a syllable containing a back vowel, and /iɐ̯ iɔ̯ iœ̯/ elsewhere.
    • /e͜o/ > /iœ̯/ before a syllable containing a front vowel.
    • /i͜y/ > /iʊ̯/ before either /ʁ/ or a syllable containing a back vowel.
  • /æ͜ɑː, e͜oː, i͜yː/ > /jɑː, joː, jyː/ word-initially and /iːɐ̯, iːɔ̯, iːœ̯/ elsewhere.
  • /x, ʁ/ palatalize to /ç ʝ/ near front vowels /i(ː), y(ː), e(ː), ø/.
  • Glides after the diphthongs /iɐ̯, iɔ̯, iœ̯, iʊ̯, iːɐ̯, iːɔ̯, iːœ̯/ are dropped.

Middle Jovlish

Vowels

Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
Close iː ⟨ǵi, ii, (ǵ)éo, (ǵ)éy, (ǵ)éa⟩ yː ⟨ǵy, iy, éy, wy⟩ uː ⟨wu⟩
Near-close ɪ ⟨i⟩ ʏ ⟨y⟩ ʊ ⟨u⟩
Close-mid eː ⟨ǵe, ie⟩
Open-mid ɛ ⟨e, i⟩ œ (ə) ɔ ⟨o, u⟩
Near-open ɐ ⟨a⟩
Open æ ɑ ⟨a⟩
Rising Falling
-ʊ -œ -ɔ -ə -ɔw -æ -ɑ -j -ɥ -w -ʊ̯ -œ̯ -ɐ̯
i- iɐ̯ ⟨(ǵ)ea, (ǵ)eo⟩
y- yɐ̯ ⟨(ǵ)eœ⟩
ɯ- ɯʊ̯ ⟨(ǵ)eu⟩
j- jʊ ⟨eu⟩ jœ ⟨eœ⟩ jɔ ⟨eo⟩ jə ⟨í, é, ǽ⟩ jɔw ⟨éo⟩ jæ ⟨eæ⟩ jɑ ⟨ea⟩
ɥ- ɥə ⟨ý⟩
w- wə ⟨ú, ó, á⟩
ɪ- ɪw ⟨iu⟩
ɛ- ɛj ⟨é⟩ ɛw ⟨eü⟩
ɔ- ɔw ⟨ó, á⟩
ɐ- ɐj ⟨í,ǽ⟩ ɐɥ ⟨ý⟩ ɐw ⟨ú⟩

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Post-Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular
Nasal m n ŋ ⟨ng⟩
Plosive voiceless p t t͡ʃ ⟨tj⟩ k ⟨c⟩
voiced b d d͡ʒ ⟨cǵ, dj⟩ ɡ ⟨g⟩
Fricative voiceless f θ ⟨þ⟩ s ʃ ⟨sć, ć⟩ ç ⟨h, i⟩ χ ⟨h⟩
voiced v ⟨f, ƀ⟩ ð ⟨þ⟩ z ⟨s⟩ (ʝ) ʁ ⟨ł⟩
Trill r
Approximant l j ⟨ǵ, j, e, é⟩ w ⟨w, l⟩

Notes:

  • although Old Jovlish /t͡ʃ/ merges with /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ/ is re-introduced into Middle Jovlish through laonwords.

Phonological shifts from Old Jovlish

  • /h/-dropping.
  • /x/ fully shifts to /χ/.
  • /t, d/ are dropped after /ʁ/.
  • /l/ > /w/ before consonants.
  • /t͡ʃ/ de-affricates to /ʃ/.
  • Short /i, y, u, e, ø, o/ weaken to /ɪ, ʏ, ʊ, ɛ, œ, ɔ/.
  • /i, u/ > /ɛ, ɔ/ in closed syllables.
  • Long vowel breaking:
    • /iː, eː, æː/ and /uː, oː, ɑː/ merge to /jə/ and /wə/ respectively after alveolar consonants.
    • /yː/ > /ɥə/ after alveolar consonants.
    • /iː, yː, uː, eː, oː, æː, ɑː/ > /ɐi̯, ɐy̯, ɐu̯, ɛi̯, ɔu̯, ɐi̯, ɔu̯/ elsewhere.
  • /ji(ː), je(ː), wu(ː), {w,j}y(ː)/ > /iː, eː, uː, yː/
  • /iːɐ̯, iːɔ̯, iːœ̯/ merge into /iː/
  • /iɔ̯, iœ̯, iʊ̯/ > /iɐ̯, yɐ̯, ɯʊ̯/
    • /iɐ̯, iɔ̯, iœ̯, iʊ̯/ > /çɐ, çɔ, çœ, çʊ/ after plosives and /χ/ (absorbing /χ/ into /ç/), though some instances of /χ/ were unaffected by the latter.

Modern Jovlish

Vowels

Front Central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close iː yː ɯː uː
Near-close ɪ ʏ ω ʊ
Close-mid e(ː) o(ː)
Open-mid ɛ ɛː œ œː ə ɔ ɔː
Near-open ɐ
Open aː

Notes:

  • /aː/ is realized as true central [äː].
  • vowels before nasal consonants are allophonically nasalized.
  • the distinction between /eː oː/ and other mid vowels is more reliant on quality than length, and thus /eː oː/ are not always lengthened.
  • in the case of consecutive long vowels, the second long vowel is held for a shorter period of time, such as in fēşēver (fēşēver) /ˈfɛːˌʃɛːvər/ [ˈfɛːˌʃɛˑv(ə)ɾ].

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Post-Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive voiceless p t t͡ʃ k (ʔ)
voiced b d d͡ʒ ɡ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ χ
voiced v z ʒ ʁ
Trill r
Approximant ɫ j

Notes:

  • /p t k/ are aspirated [pʰ tʰ kʰ].
  • /r/ is most commonly a tap [ɾ].
  • /ʁ/ is an approximant [ʁ̞].
  • /ɫ/ is currently undergoing vocalization to /◌ˠː/ in coda positions before back vowels and /w/ in coda positions otherwise, with the shift of full vocalization in non-coda positions even becoming apparent in some communities.

Phonological shifts from Middle Jovlish

  • /ʊ/ > /ɔ/
  • /w, j/ > /v, ʒ/
  • /ç, ʝ/ > /ʃ, j/
  • /θ, ð/ > /χ, j/
  • /kʃn, kʃl/ > /ʃn, ʃl/
  • Initial geminates lose their gemination.
  • /iʁ, yʁ, uʁ/ > /iː, yː, uː/
  • /ɐi̯, ɐy̯, ɐu̯, ɛi̯, ɔu̯/ lose their semivowel component before /r, ʁ/.
    • /ɐi̯-, ɐy̯-, ɐu̯-/ merge into /ɐ-/.
    • /ɛi̯-/ > /ɛ-/.
    • /ɔu̯-/ > /ɔ-/.
  • /ʁ/ is dropped inter-vocalically.
  • Diphthong smoothing:
    • /iɐ̯, yɐ̯, ɯʊ̯/ > /ɛː, œː, ɯː/.
    • /ɐi̯, ɐy̯, ɐu̯, ɛi̯, ɔu̯/ -> /ɛː, œː, ɔː, eː, oː/.
    • /ɛu̯, ɪu̯/ > /œ, ʏ/.
  • /t, d/ get dropped after /ʃ/.
  • Sequences of alveolar consonant-glide-/ə/ simplify:
    • /njə, nɥə, nwə/ > /ɲɯ, mɲɯ, mɯ/.
    • /tjə, tɥə, twə/ > /t͡ʃɯ, ʃɯ, tɯ/.
    • /djə, dɥə, dwə/ > /ʒɯ, ʒɯ, dɯ/.
    • /sjə, sɥə, swə/ > /ʃɯ/.
    • /zjə, zɥə, zwə/ > /ʒɯ/.
    • /rjə, rɥə, rwə/ > /zɯ, zɯ, rɯ/.
    • /ljə, lɥə, lwə/ > /jɯ, vɯ, vɯ/.
  • /ɑ, æ/ > /ɔ, ɐ/.
  • /l/ velarizes to /ɫ/

Orthographies

Old and Middle Jovlish Latin

The Old Jovlish writing standard was a direct continuation of the Late West Saxon standard used for the writing of Old English in the period prior to the Norman Conquest. Acutes were added and standardized on consonants ⟨ć, cǵ, ǵ, sć⟩ in order to distinguish /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, j, ʃ/, and on vowels to mark length. /ʁ/ was spelled etymologically by adding a stroke to ⟨g, r, l⟩, thus /jɑːʁ, çiɔ̯ʁt, jɑʁd/ were spelled ⟨éaǥ, heoɍt, eałd⟩ (< OE ⟨eage, heorte, eald⟩) respectively. Edh ⟨ð⟩ and wynn ⟨ƿ⟩ also fully fell out of use in favor of ⟨þ⟩ and ⟨uu⟩, and word-initial/-final instances of /v/ were spelled as ⟨ƀ⟩.

Spelling was mostly not standardized and left etymological during the Middle Jovlish period. The only two changes seen regularly occurring in Middle Jovlish period were ⟨ł⟩ fully supplanting ⟨ǥ, ɍ⟩ in all instances (⟨éał, heoł, eał⟩) and ⟨t, d⟩ dropping after ⟨ł⟩.

Modern script

 
handwritten sample of the Jovlish Script

The modern Jovlish script (Jovlish: öxhomhott, öxhomhott), also known as the Jelkyn Script (jöqkünhomhott, jöqkünhomhott) or the Royal Script (künhomhott, künhomhott), was commissioned by Jelkyn Aşşīş II in order to increase literacy and accessibly of the Jovlish language, as part of a wider response to suppression efforts of the Jovlish language outside of Jovaia's borders. It was commisioned a couple decades before the Soviet invasion of Jovaia, and it would persist throughout the duration of Second World War and the Cold War, still seeing official and widespread common use throughout Jovaia. Most of its letters are direct derivations of the common Jovlish Latin lettering convention, or the common lettering style throughout Jovaia. This lettering convention was a collage of multiple different styles and sources, with some being continuations of the Insular Style (such as ⟨ ⟩ ← ⟨ꞇ⟩ and ⟨ ⟩ ← ⟨ꞃ⟩), some being later adaptations (compare the insular-derived ⟨ ⟩ ← ⟨ᵹ⟩ with the later ⟨ ⟩ ← ⟨ɢ⟩), and others being influenced by their Greek Script equivalents (such as ⟨ ⟩ ← ⟨b, β⟩). This writing style would be the main source for the letters of the new script (⟨b, j, g, r, t, . . .⟩), alongside derivations from Cyrillic (⟨ş⟩ ← ⟨ш⟩) and Greek (⟨ψ⟩ ← ⟨ψ⟩), blends (⟨ŋ⟩ ← ⟨n + g⟩), and artificial, newly-created letters (⟨ı⟩).The wide adoption of the script effectively reformed Jovlish spelling to be much more phonemic.

Letter Name IPA Romanization Origin (Old–Middle Jovlish) Letter Name IPA Romanization Origin (Old–Middle Jovlish)
Aa ā
[ʔäː] 		[ɐ] a Jovlish Latin ⟨a⟩   Ņņ iņ
[ʔɪɲ] 		[ɲ] ņ artificial invention, contrasting ⟨ŋ⟩
Bb bé
[be(ː)] 		[b] b Jovlish Latin ⟨b⟩   Ŋŋ aŋ
[ʔɐŋ] 		[ŋ] ŋ blend of ⟨n⟩ and ⟨g⟩
Vv vé
[ve(ː)] 		[v] v ⟨b⟩ with a top stroke Oo ó
[ʔo(ː)] 		[ɔ] o Jovlish Latin ⟨o⟩  
Kk ké
[kʰe(ː)] 		[kʰ] k Jovlish Latin ⟨c⟩   Öö ő
[ʔœː] 		[œ] ö Jovlish Latin ⟨œ⟩

 

Çç çé
[t͡ʃe(ː)] 		[t͡ʃ] ç artificial invention, likely drawn from Jovlish Latin ⟨ć⟩ Pp pé
[pe(ː)] 		[pʰ] p Jovlish Latin ⟨p⟩  
Dd dé
[de(ː)] 		[d] d Jovlish Latin ⟨d⟩   Rr ré
[ɾe(ː)] 		[ɾ] r Jovlish Latin ⟨r⟩  
Ee é
[ʔe(ː)] 		[ɛ] e Jovlish Latin ⟨e⟩   Ss sé
[se(ː)] 		[s] s Jovlish Latin ⟨s⟩  
Ff fé
[fe(ː)] 		[f] f Jovlish Latin ⟨f⟩   Şş şé
[ʃe(ː)] 		[ʃ] ş Cyrillic ⟨ш⟩
Jj jé
[ʒe(ː)] 		[ʒ] j Jovlish Latin ⟨ᵹ⟩, a variant of ⟨g⟩   Tt té
[tʰe(ː)] 		[tʰ] t Jovlish Latin ⟨t⟩  
Gg gé
[ɡe(ː)] 		[ɡ] g Jovlish Latin ⟨g⟩   Cc cé
[d͡ʒe(ː)] 		[d͡ʒ] c blend of ⟨t⟩ and ⟨z⟩
Hh hé
[χe(ː)] 		[χ] h Jovlish Latin ⟨h⟩   Uu ū
[ʔuː] 		[ʊ] u Jovlish Latin ⟨u⟩  
Iı ï
[ʔɯː] 		[ω] ı artificial invention Ww wū
[vuː] 		[v] w ⟨u⟩ with a breve, likely drawing inspiration from Cyrillic ⟨ў⟩
İi ī
[ʔiː] 		[ɪ] i Jovlish Latin ⟨i⟩   Xx xé
[kse(ː)] 		[ks] x Jovlish Latin ⟨x⟩  
Yy yē
[jɛː] 		[j] y ⟨i⟩ with a breve, likely drawing inspiration from Cyrillic ⟨й⟩ Üü ű
[ʔyː] 		[ʏ] ü Jovlish Latin ⟨y⟩  
Ll lé
[ɫe(ː)] 		[ɫ] l Jovlish Latin ⟨l⟩   Zz zé
[ze(ː)] 		[z] z Jovlish Latin ⟨z⟩  
Qq qé
[ʁ̞e(ː)] 		[ʁ̞], [Ø] q Jovlish Latin ⟨ł⟩   Ξξ ξé
[bze(ː)] 		[bz] bz reversed Greek ⟨ψ⟩
Mm mé
[me(ː)] 		[m] m Jovlish Latin ⟨m⟩   Ψψ ψé
[pse(ː)] 		[ps] ps Greek ⟨ψ⟩
Nn né
[ne(ː)] 		[n] n Jovlish Latin ⟨n⟩  
Letter Name IPA Romanization Letter Name IPA Romanization
Āā loŋ ā
[lɔŋ ʔäː] 		[äː] ā Ōō loŋ ó
[lɔŋ ʔo(ː)] 		[ɔː] ō
Ēē loŋ é
[lɔŋ ˈʔe(ː)] 		[ɛː] ē Óó frenşeş ó
[ˈfɾɛnʃɛʃ ʔo(ː)] 		[oː] ó
Éé frenşeş é
[ˈfɾɛnʃɛʃ ˈʔe(ː)] 		[e(ː)] é Őő loŋ ő
[lɔŋ ʔœː] 		[œː] ő, ȫ
Ïï loŋ ï
[lɔŋ ʔɯː] 		[ɯː] ï Ūū loŋ ū
[lɔŋ ʔu] 		[uː] ū
Īī loŋ ī
[lɔŋ ʔiː] 		[iː] ī Űű loŋ ű
[lɔŋ ʔyː] 		[yː] ű, ǖ

Failed proposals

Greek script

During the Old Jovlish period, there were many proposals and attempts at writing Old Jovlish in the Greek script to further bring ties closer between Byzantium and Jovaia, among other reasons. These proposals never picked up significant speed due to the fact that most of them were either tied to bigger movements such as an official conversion to orthodoxy and/or further hellenization of the kingdom or were simply popular with neither the common folk nor the aristocracy.

These proposals were not standardized and differed in representing sounds not present in Byzantine Greek. Sounds such as [t͡ʃ], for example, were represented in a plethora of different ways, which varied by proposal. One common feature across these proposals however is the lack of apparent representation of vowel length, leaving it inferred in a given word.

Vowels
Phoneme Glyph(s)
[i(ː)] ι, ει, η
[y(ː)] υ
[u(ː)] ου
[e(ː)] ε, αι
[ø] οε
[o(ː)] ο, ω
[æ(ː)] αε
[ɑ(ː)] α
[iʊ̯] ευ, εϋ, ιυ, ιϋ
[i(ː)ɔ̯] εο, ιο
[i(ː)œ̯] εοε, ιοε
[i(ː)ɐ̯] εα, ια
Consonants
Phoneme Glyph(s) Phoneme Glyph(s)
[m] μ [θ] θ, ρ[1], ρρ[1]
[n] ν [s] ς
[ŋ] γγ [ʃ] σι, ς, ς́
[pʰ] π [ç, x~χ, h] χ
[tʰ] τ [v] β
[t͡ʃ] τσι, τς, τς́ [ð] δ
[kʰ] κ [z] ζ
[b] μπ, ββ, πβ [ʝ, ʁ] γ, ρ, λ
[d] ντ, δδ, τδ [r] ρ
[d͡ʒ] τζι, τζ, τζ́ [l] λ
[ɡ] γκ, κγ [j] ι
[f] φ [w] ου
  1. only used in loanwords with historical Greek /r̥(ː)/

Cyrillic script

Although diplomatic relations with the Russians were mostly sour, proposals to shift Middle and Early Modern Jovlish into being written in Eastern Cyrillic were nonetheless constantly springing up, well into and after the Soviet invasion of Jovaia. These reforms, although reforming an orthography with much bigger and more common disparities between it and the spoken language, suffered from much of the same pitfalls as the Greek proposals that came before it, such as being tied to pro-russian or pro-russification agendas.

Vowels
Phoneme Glyph(s) Phoneme Glyph(s)
[iː] і, ї, ий [ɔ] о
[yː] ѵ, оуэ, ү [ɐ] а, аэ, ә
[uː] оу [æ] аэ, а, ә
[ɪ] и [ɑ] а, о
[ʏ] ы, уэ [iɐ̯] эа, иа, я
[ʊ] у [yɐ̯] эѵ, эу, эо, иѵ, иу, ю
[eː] ѣ, эй [ɯʊ̯] иу, уу, эу, ю
[ɛ] э [jə] е, ё, ъя, ъе, ъё
[œ] оэ, ө [ɥə] ъѵ, ъоуэ, ъю
[ə] а, э, о [wə] ъу, ъоу
Consonants
Phoneme Glyph(s) Phoneme Glyph(s)
[m] м [θ] ѳ, þ
[n] н [s] с
[ŋ] нг [ʃ] ш
[pʰ] п [ç, χ] х
[tʰ] т [v] в
[t͡ʃ] ч [ð] ѳ, þ
[kʰ] к [z] з
[b] б [ʝ, ʁ] г, л, ԯ, ӆ
[d] д [r] р
[d͡ʒ] (д)ж [l] л, ль
[ɡ] ґ, г [j] й
[f] ф [w] ў, в

Grammar

Syntax

Jovlish exhibits subject–object–verb (SOV) word order by default, though in practice its word order is relatively flexible:

  • in declarative clauses, SOV is by far the most common word order.
    • Mişal sbók zē — Mişal sbók zē — "Mişal read his book"
  • negation tends to shift the word order to VSO.
    • nzē Mişal sbók — nzē Mişal sbók — "Mişal did not read his book"
  • interrogative clauses also do the same.
    • zē Mişal sbók? — zē Mişal sbók? — "did Mişal read his book?"
  • ... though interrogative clauses using SOV is of generally equal distribution.
    • Mişal sbók zē? — Mişal sbók zē? — "did Mişal read his book?"
  • interrogative pronouns are placed clause-initially but do not interfere with verb placement.
    • fat zē Mişal? — fat zē Mişal? — "what did Mişal read?"
    • fat Mişal zē? — fat Mişal zē? — "what did Mişal read?"

Clitics

Some pronouns, postpositions, and adjectives get affixed onto nouns or verbs.

  • Oblique pronouns suffix onto their relevant verb and follow.
    • düdeşejo — düdeşejo — "I did that"
    • luvīeh — luvīeh — "she loves you"
    • zomerzűen — zomerzűen — "he may freeze it"
  • Postpositions directly suffix onto nouns.
    • yarsçıtsnoŋ — yarsçıtsnoŋ — "along the street"
    • űsthoh — űsthoh — "in a language"
    • üradārem — üradārem — "using the radar"
  • In the case of a pronoun being the object of a preposition, the Jovlish Royal Academy prescribes suffixing postpositions onto the pronominal clitics.
    • nbéŋşeheon — nbéŋşeheon — "I did not agree to this"
  • ...though most colloquial Jovaian varieties perfer to instead suffix the postposition onto an independent pronoun.
    • nbéŋş hőson — nbéŋş hőson — "I did not agree to this"
  • Color adjectives, cardinal adjectives, gentilic/linguistic adjectives, and Old English prefixes that got re-appropriated as adjectives in Jovlish act not as regular adjectives, but as prefixes when not predicative.
    • blakgüq — blakgüq — "black gold"
    • Jóstöröpşa — Jóstöröpşa — "Eastern Europe"
    • rossüniversite — rossüniversite — "russian universities"
    • sünvüq — sünvüq — "private event"

Nominals

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Jovlish pronouns decline for person, number, and gender. The old accusative and dative forms reduced and merged into enclitics that attach to a given verb. It is also important to note that Jovlish is pro-drop, meaning that its subject pronouns are omitted, and they are only used emphatically or disjunctively.

Singular Plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
Masculine Feminine
Nominative
(Disjunctive) 		eş
eş 		hō
hō 		et
et 		jó
jó 		vé
vé 		hō
hō 		ű
ű
Reflexive māz
māz 		hāz
hāz 		ens
ens 		űs
űs 		józ
józ 		űz
űz
Standalone genitive me
me 		he
he 		es
es 		er
er 		ar
ar 		jor
jor 		űr
űr
Genitive clitic m-
m- 		h-
h- 		s-
s- 		er-
er- 		ar-
ar- 		jor-
jor- 		űr-
űr-
Oblique clitic -em
-em 		-eh
-eh 		-en
-en 		-ej
-ej 		-es
-es 		-eh
-eh 		-ev
-ev
Demonstrative pronouns

Demonstratives decline similarly to pronouns, except they retain full accusative and dative forms alongside the enclitics.

Proximal demonstratives (this, these)
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine
Nominative hes
hes 		hīs
hīs 		hós
hós
Accusative hezn
hezn
Genitive hes
hes
Dative hős
hős
Oblique clitic -ehe
-ehe 		-ehi
-ehi 		-eho
-eho
Distal demonstratives (that, those)
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine
Nominative jon
jon 		jön
jön
Accusative jön
jön
Genitive jons
jons 		jor
jor 		jor
jor
Dative jone
jone 		jone
jone
Oblique clitic -ejo
-ejo 		-ejö
-ejö
Interrogative pronouns

Interrogative pronouns also decline in a similar manner, this time lacking enclitic forms althogether.

"who" "what" "which"
Nominative fó
fó 		fat
fat 		feqş
feqş
Accusative fön
fön
Genitive fós
fós 		fās
fās 		feqşes
feqşes
Dative fón
fón 		fāy
fāy 		feqşn
feqşn
  • fıd (fıd, "when")
  • fon (fon, "where from, whence")
  • for (for, "where to, whither")
  • fő (fő, "how")
Articles and Relative Pronouns

Both the definite article i- (i-) and the relative pronoun hé (hé) are doublets, diverging from Middle Jovlish demonstrative and pronoun "þé", which in-turn is ultimately from Old English "sē, þē". As such ,they both decline in very similar ways.

Middle Jovlish "þé" tended to have two pronunciations: an unstressed /ðɛ/ and a stressed /θɛi̯/. Initially, they were used interchangeably, though, over time, the unstressed pronunciation tended to be favored as the article, while the stressed pronunciation tended to be favored as the pronoun.

Definite article (the)
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine
Nominative i-, it-[1]
i-, it- 		yo-, yot-[1]
yo-, yot-
Accusative
Genitive iz-
iz- 		ir-
ir- 		yor-
yor-
Dative ü-, üt-[1]
ü-, üt- 		yon-
yon-
Relative pronouns (who, whose, which, that)
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine
Nominative hé
hé 		hī
hī 		hó
hó
Accusative
Genitive has
has 		har
har 		hor
hor
Dative hü
hü 		hón
hón
  1. the forms ending in t are used before vowels

Nouns

Jovlish nouns have lost distinct forms for most of the noun cases and currently decline only for two case groupings: Direct (nominative, accusative) and Oblique (dative, genitive), themselves being only distinguished in the singular. Nouns are grouped into one of four declensions, regardless of gender:

  • 1st declension nouns, oblique by root ablaut or -(e)s (-(e)s), equivalent to Old English a-, i-, ō-, and u-stem nouns.
  • 2nd declension nouns, oblique by -(e)n (-(e)n), equivalent to Old English n-stem nouns.
  • 3rd declension nouns, plural by -re (-re), oblique by -s (-s), equivalent to Old English r- and z-stem nouns.
  • 4th declension nouns, plural and oblique irregular, equivalent to Old English ablauting consonant stem nouns and nouns with irregular forms.
1st Declension
ōn ōn ("dog") köşt köşt ("house")
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Direct ōn
ōn 		ōne
ōne 		köşt
köşt 		köşte
köşte
Oblique őn
őn 		köşts
köşts
2nd Declension
veş veş ("week") vón vón ("flag")
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Direct veş
veş 		veşe
veşe 		vón
vón 		vóne
vóne
Oblique veşn
veşn 		vónen
vónen
3rd Declension
brıh brıh ("brother") ē ē ("egg")
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Direct brıh
brıh 		brıhre
brıhre 		ē
ē 		ēre
ēre
Oblique brıts
brıts 		ēs
ēs
4th Declension
mon mon ("man") jol jol ("beer")
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Direct mon
mon 		men
men 		jol
jol 		jōh
jōh
Oblique men
men 		jōh
jōh

Within these classes there exist irregular nouns that decline slightly differently to the other nouns in their respective classes but still follow the general declension guidelines within those classes.

Irregularities
apş apş ("fruit") ɪ Sīl Sīl ("the Sun") ɪ ūjıpş ūjıpş ("apple") ɪ mēh mēh ("girl") ɪᴠ
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Direct apş
apş 		apşe
apşe 		Sīl
Sīl 		Sīle
Sīle 		ūjıpş
ūjıpş 		ūjıpşe
ūjıpşe 		mēh
mēh 		mēdne
mēdne
Oblique appös
appös 		Sűs
Sűs 		ūjıψ
ūjıps

Adjectives

The strong-weak distinction common across other Germanic languages was leveled in Jovlish, leaving only one set of endings irrelevant to the presence of an article. Adjectives still retain declension for case, number, and gender however.

Positive declension
şīk şīk ("warm") īş īş ("tall, high") grīt grīt ("big, large")
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Direct şīk
şīk 		şīkī
şīkī 		şīke
şīke 		īş
īş 		īşī
īşī 		īşe
īşe 		grīt
grīt 		grītī
grītī 		grīte
grīte
Genitive şīx
şīx 		şīkre
şīkre 		īşes
īşes 		īşre
īşre 		grīts
grīts 		grītre
grītre
Dative şīke
şīke 		īşe
īşe 		grīte
grīte
müy müy ("stupid") ūqóh ūqóh ("angry") vıç vıç ("few")
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Direct müy
müy 		müyī
müyī 		müye
müye 		ūqóh
ūqóh 		ūqóhī
ūqóhī 		ūqóhe
ūqóhe 		vıç
vıç 		vıçī
vıçī 		vıçe
vıçe
Genitive müys
müys 		müyre
müyre 		ūqóts
ūqóts 		ūqóhre
ūqóhre 		vıçes
vıçes 		vıçre
vıçre
Dative müye
müye 		ūqóhe
ūqóhe 		vıçe
vıçe

Comparatives and superlatives are formed regularly using -(e)r (-(e)r) and -(e)st (-(e)st) respectively, with a large portion also employing umlauting. Irregular forms can arise out of either phonological shifts that obscure the forms or by full suppletion.

Comparative declension
şīk şīk ("warm") īş īş ("tall, high") grīt grīt ("big, large")
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Direct şīker
şīker 		şīkrī
şīkrī 		şīkre
şīkre 		īrr
īrr 		īrrī
īrrī 		īrre
īrre 		mór
mór 		mórī
mórī 		móre
móre
Oblique şīkern
şīkern 		şīkernī
şīkernī 		īrrn
īrrn 		īrrnī
īrrnī 		mórn
mórn 		mórnī
mórnī
müy müy ("stupid") ūqóh ūqóh ("angry") vıç vıç ("few")
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Direct müyr
müyr 		müyrī
müyrī 		müyre
müyre 		űqér
űqér 		űqérī
űqérī 		űqére
űqére 		yıs
yıs 		yısī
yısī 		yıse
yıse
Oblique müyrn
müyrn 		müyrnī
müyrnī 		űqérn
űqérn 		űqérnī
űqérnī 		yısn
yısn 		yısnī
yısnī
Superlative declension
şīk şīk ("warm") īş īş ("tall, high") grīt grīt ("big, large")
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Direct şīxt
şīxt 		şīxtī
şīxtī 		şīxte
şīxte 		īşt
īşt 		īştī
īştī 		īşte
īşte 		mēst
mēst 		mēstī
mēstī 		mēste
mēste
Oblique şīxtn
şīxtn 		şīxtnī
şīxtnī 		īştn
īştn 		īştnī
īştnī 		mēstn
mēstn 		mēstnī
mēstnī
müy müy ("stupid") ūqóh ūqóh ("angry") vıç vıç ("few")
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Direct müyst
müyst 		müystī
müystī 		müyste
müyste 		űqést
űqést 		űqéstī
űqéstī 		űqéste
űqéste 		yıst
yıst 		yıstī
yıstī 		yıste
yıste
Oblique müystn
müystn 		müystnī
müystnī 		űqéstn
űqéstn 		űqéstnī
űqéstnī 		yıstn
yıstn 		yıstnī
yıstnī

Verbs

Jovlish verbs conjugate for person, number, gender, tense, aspect, and mood using simple endings, and for voice using phrasal constructions. A given verb can fall into one of four categories:

Endings

A given weak verb has 9 sets of verbal endings, while a strong verb has 8. Simple verbal endings cover all persons by default, but mainly disambiguate tense (simple past, simple present, simple future), aspect (perfect) for all the aforementioned tenses, and mood (indicative, subjunctive) for some tense-aspect combinations. Apart from the future and perfect sets of endings which were formed from the reduction of verbal phrasal constructions, they were formed from the fusion (and sometimes full dropping) of post-verbal pronouns with the endings inherited from Old English:

  • Primary Endings used for the present indicative of both weak and strong verbs (ʟᴏᴊ ić clýs ić → ᴊ şvızeş (şvızeş))
  • Strong Secondary Endings used for the present subjunctive, the past indicative, and the past subjunctive of strong verbs (ʟᴏᴊ ić sćéaf ić → ᴊ şīfş (şīfş))
  • Weak Subjunctive Endings used for the present subjunctive of weak verbs (ʟᴏᴊ ić clýsa ić → ᴊ şvızāş (şvızāş))
  • Weak Past Endings used for the past indicative of weak verbs (ʟᴏᴊ ić clýsod ić → ᴊ şvızdeş (şvızdeş))
  • Future Indicative Endings used for the future indicative of both weak and strong verbs (ʟᴍᴊ ić... clýsn þeałf ić → ᴊ şvızēş (şvızēş))
  • Future Subjunctive Endings used for the future subjunctive of both weak and strong verbs (ʟᴍᴊ ić... clýsn þyłfa ić → ᴊ şvızűş (şvızűş))
  • Present Perfect Indicative Endings used for the present perfect indicative of both weak and strong verbs (ʟᴍᴊ ić... clýsod éo ić → ᴊ şvızöş (şvızöş))
  • Present Perfect Subjunctive Endings used for the present perfect subjunctive of both weak and strong verbs (ʟᴍᴊ ić... clýsod béo ić → ᴊ şvızīş (şvızīş))
  • Past Perfect Endings used for the past perfect of both weak and strong verbs (ʟᴍᴊ ić... clýsod hæd ić → ᴊ şvızeç (şvızeç))
  • Future Perfect Endings used for the future perfect of both weak and strong verbs (ʟᴍᴊ ić... clýsod þołft ić → ᴊ şvızōç (şvızōç))
Summary table
Corresponding Pronoun Simple Perfect
Primary Strong Secondary Weak Future Present Past Future
Past Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
eş
eş 		-(e)ş
-(e)ş 		-deş
-deş 		-āş
-āş 		-ēş
-ēş 		-űş
-űş 		-öş
-öş 		-īş
-īş 		-eç
-eç 		-ōç
-ōç
hō
hō 		-(e)st
-(e)st 		-(e)h
-(e)h 		-etst
-etst 		-āh
-āh 		-ēh
-ēh 		-űh
-űh 		-ösh
-ösh 		-īh
-īh 		-er
-er 		-ōst
-ōst
et
et 		-(e)h
-(e)h 		— -(e)d
-(e)d 		-ā
-ā 		-ēf
-ēf 		-ű
-ű 		-öh
-öh 		-īf
-īf 		-eth
-eth 		-ōf
-ōf
jó
jó 		-ī
-ī 		-dī
-dī 		-ēvī
-ēvī 		-öhī
-öhī 		-īvī
-īvī 		-ethī
-ethī 		-ōvī
-ōvī
vé
vé 		-é
-é 		-né
-né 		-ūné
-ūné 		-űné
-űné 		-öhé
-öhé 		-īné
-īné 		-erné
-erné 		-ōné
-ōné
hō
hō 		-(e)st
-(e)st 		-n
-n 		-ūv
-ūv 		-űv
-űv 		-ösh
-ösh 		-īv
-īv 		-ern
-ern 		-ōn
-ōn
ű
ű 		-ö
-ö 		-nö
-nö 		-ūnö
-ūnö 		-űnö
-űnö 		-öhö
-öhö 		-īnö
-īnö 		-ernö
-ernö 		-ōnö
-ōnö

Present

The present tense is used for actions/states happening in the present, future actions/states if context is clear, and atelic verbs. Weak and strong verbs share the indicative and imperative endings, but differ on the subjunctive endings.

Weak verbs
şvızn şvızn ("to close")
Simple Perfect Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
Singular eş şvızeş
şvızeş 		şvızāş
şvızāş 		şvızöş
şvızöş 		şvızīş
şvızīş 		—
hō şvızest
şvızest 		şvızāh
şvızāh 		şvızösh
şvızösh 		şvızīh
şvızīh 		şvız
şvız
et şvızh
şvızh 		şvızā
şvızā 		şvızöh
şvızöh 		şvızīf
şvızīf 		—
jó şvızī
şvızī 		şvızöhī
şvızöhī 		şvızīvī
şvızīvī
Plural vé şvızé
şvızé 		şvızné
şvızné 		şvızöhé
şvızöhé 		şvızīné
şvızīné
hō şvızest
şvızest 		şvızn
şvızn 		şvızösh
şvızösh 		şvızīn
şvızīn 		şvız
şvız
ű şvızö
şvızö 		şvıznö
şvıznö 		şvızöhö
şvızöhö 		şvızīnö
şvızīnö 		—
Strong verbs
şővn şővn ("to push")
Simple Perfect Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
Singular eş şőfş
şőfş 		şōfş
şōfş 		şovöş
şovöş 		şovīş
şovīş 		—
hō şőfst
şőfst 		şōfh
şōfh 		şovösh
şovösh 		şovīh
şovīh 		şőf
şőf
et şőfh
şőfh 		şōf
şōf 		şovöh
şovöh 		şovīf
şovīf 		—
jó şővī
şővī 		şōvī
şōvī 		şovöhī
şovöhī 		şovīvī
şovīvī
Plural vé şōvé
şōvé 		şōvné
şōvné 		şovöhé
şovöhé 		şovīné
şovīné
hō şōfst
şōfst 		şōvn
şōvn 		şovösh
şovösh 		şovīn
şovīn 		şōf
şōf
ű şōvö
şōvö 		şōvnö
şōvnö 		şovöhö
şovöhö 		şovīnö
şovīnö 		—

Past

The past tense is used for actions/states which happened in the past, regardless of telicity. Weak verbs have dental-infixed endings in the singular, and both weak and strong verbs share the same nasal-infixed endings in the plural. It is of note that weak verbs do not have a distinct past subjunctive from the past indicative and that strong verbs use the same set of endings for the past indicative, present subjunctive, and past subjunctive.

Weak verbs
şvızn şvızn ("to close")
Simple Perfect
Singular eş şvızdeş
şvızdeş 		şvızeç
şvızeç
hō şvızetst
şvızetst 		şvızer
şvızer
et şvızd
şvızd 		şvızeth
şvızeth
jó şvızdī
şvızdī 		şvızethī
şvızethī
Plural vé şvızné
şvızné 		şvızerné
şvızerné
hō şvızn
şvızn 		şvızern
şvızern
ű şvıznö
şvıznö 		şvızernö
şvızernö
Strong verbs
şővn şővn ("to push")
Simple Perfect
Indicative Subjunctive
Singular eş şīfş
şīfş 		şufş
şufş 		şoveç
şoveç
hō şīfh
şīfh 		şufh
şufh 		şover
şover
et şīf
şīf 		şuf
şuf 		şoveth
şoveth
jó şīvī
şīvī 		şuvī
şuvī 		şovethī
şovethī
Plural vé şuvné
şuvné 		şoverné
şoverné
hō şuvn
şuvn 		şovern
şovern
ű şuvnö
şuvnö 		şovernö
şovernö

Future

The future tense is used for actions/states that will happen in the future, usually being telic.

Weak verbs
şvızn şvızn ("to close")
Simple Perfect
Indicative Subjunctive
Singular eş şvızēş
şvızēş 		şvızűş
şvızűş 		şvızōç
şvızōç
hō şvızēh
şvızēh 		şvızűh
şvızűh 		şvızōst
şvızōst
et şvızēf
şvızēf 		şvızű
şvızű 		şvızōf
şvızōf
jó şvızēvī
şvızēvī 		şvızōvī
şvızōvī
Plural vé şvızūné
şvızūné 		şvızűné
şvızűné 		şvızōné
şvızōné
hō şvızūv
şvızūv 		şvızűv
şvızűv 		şvızōn
şvızōn
ű şvızūnö
şvızūnö 		şvızűnö
şvızűnö 		şvızōnö
şvızōnö
Strong verbs
şővn şővn ("to push")
Simple Perfect
Indicative Subjunctive
Singular eş şōvēş
şōvēş 		şōvűş
şōvűş 		şōvōç
şōvōç
hō şōvēh
şōvēh 		şōvűh
şōvűh 		şōvōst
şōvōst
et şōvēf
şōvēf 		şōvű
şōvű 		şōvōf
şōvōf
jó şōvēvī
şōvēvī 		şōvōvī
şōvōvī
Plural vé şōvūné
şōvūné 		şōvűné
şōvűné 		şōvōné
şōvōné
hō şōvūv
şōvūv 		şōvűv
şōvűv 		şōvōn
şōvōn
ű şōvūnö
şōvūnö 		şōvűnö
şōvűnö 		şōvōnö
şōvōnö

Passive

Preterite present verbs

Jovlish preterite-present verbs behave like those of other germanic languages, using strong secondary endings for the present indicative, dental-infixless weak past endings for the past indicative, and weak subjunctive endings for the present subjunctive. Jovlish preterite-presents are completely irregular in regards to the Jovlish verbal system, though there exist some patterns and groupings between these verbs.

Preterite-Present stems
Stem vün vün
("to want") 		nün nün
("to not want") 		konn konn
("to be familiar with") 		onn onn
("to wish") 		monn monn
("to think") 		münn münn
("to remember") 		vótn vótn
("to know") 		nótn nótn
("to not know")
Indicative Present singular v-
v- 		n-
n- 		kon-
kon- 		on-
on- 		mon-
mon- 		mün-
mün- 		vót-
vót- 		nót-
nót-
Present plural vel-
vel- 		nül-
nül- 		vit-
vit- 		nüt-
nüt-
Past vód-
vód- 		nód-
nód- 		kōy-
kōy- 		ōy-
ōy- 		mōy-
mōy- 		mőy-
mőy- 		ves-
ves- 		nüs-
nüs-
Subjunctive present vel-
vel- 		nül-
nül- 		kon-
kon- 		on-
on- 		mon-
mon- 		mün-
mün- 		vit-
vit- 		nüt-
nüt-
Future
Perfect kōy-
kōy- 		ōy-
ōy- 		mōy-
mōy- 		mőy-
mőy- 		ves-
ves- 		nüs-
nüs-
Stem mēn mēn
("can; to fare") 		mótn mótn
("may") 		şēvn şēvn
("must; should; to owe ") 		dērrn dērrn
("to dare") 		nēhn nēhn
("to have") 		dīşn dīşn
("to function") 		óhn óhn
("to own") 		vőqn vőqn
("to become")
Indicative Present singular mē-
mē- 		mót-
mót- 		şēv-
şēv- 		dērr-
dērr- 		nēh-
nēh- 		dīş-
dīş- 		óh-
óh- 		vőq-
vőq-
Present plural moq-
moq- 		şul-
şul- 		dürr-
dürr- 		nüq-
nüq- 		duq-
duq- 		oq-
oq- 		vūh-
vūh-
Past meş-
meş- 		mós-
mós- 		şēvd-
şēvd- 		dorr-
dorr- 		nöş-
nöş- 		doht-
doht- 		óht-
óht- 		vuqd-
vuqd-
Subjunctive present mē-
mē- 		mót-
mót- 		şül-
şül- 		dürr-
dürr- 		nüq-
nüq- 		dű-
dű- 		oq-
oq- 		vūh-
vūh-
Future moq-
moq- 		şul-
şul- 		duq-
duq-
Perfect meş-
meş- 		mós-
mós- 		şēvd-
şēvd- 		dorr-
dorr- 		nöş-
nöş- 		doht-
doht- 		óht-
óht- 		vuqd-
vuqd-

Irregular verbs

Vocabulary

Numerals

Swadesh list

Colors

Units of time

Times of Day

Weekdays

Months

Seasons

Countries of Europe

Planets and Major Moons

Sample texts

The Cold Winter is Near

  Jovlish   English
İşőjī veçıl bē jahī, smıvbüqén kumēvī.
(İşőjī veçıl bē jahī, smıvbüqén kumēvī.) 		The cold winter is near, a snowstorm will come.

Mvēqmī köştdın küm, mfrīn.
(Mvēqmī köştdın küm, mfrīn.) 		Come in my warm house, my friend.

Bövküm! segg& koş, huq& drekk.
(Bövküm! seggor koş, huqor drekk.) 		Welcome! Come here, sing and dance, eat and drink.

Hīs mplan jahī.
(Hīs mplan jahī.) 		That is my plan.

Feh, jol& kōvēqm mēqk obé.
(Feh, jolor kōvēqm mēqk obé.) 		We have water, beer, and milk fresh from the cow.

Ó, &şīkī joşt!
(Ó, orşīkī joşt!) 		Oh, and warm soup!

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Lord's Prayer

Jovaia Founding Legend

  Jovlish   English
YoProtögge ovgöŋbed inohhoh, imüş Űzzıdglöşests Sīvēq, fïqvol vēf&qzētejīççe sencesteaf, Konstontinupolon sīleth.
(YoProtögge ovgöŋbed inohhoh, imüş Űzzıdglöşests Sīvēq, fïqvol vēforqzētejīççe sencesteaf, Konstontinupolon sīleth.) 		After the Angles' defeat by the bastard, the Great Sīvēq of Glöşest, with a host of 350 ships, sailed towards constantinople.


Freŋyabe, Eψónyaün, Mawritanyaor Sikilyanoŋ sīleth, hīs lone yononēvröfeov frīénhoh, hfōhorsesenceste zıdernö.
(Freŋyabe, Epsónyaün, Mawritanyaor Sikilyanoŋ sīleth, hīs lone yononēvröfeov frīénhoh, hfōh&sesenceste zıdernö.) 		He sailed past France, around Hispania, along Mauretania and Sicily, liberating these lands from indefels as he and his host traveled.


Vīsmehos Konstontinupolon sīleth, &yoyolotre üyöde besloyeth.
(Vīsmehos Konstontinupolon sīleth, oryoyolotre üyöde besloyeth.) 		He sailed to constantnople as a hero and defeated the heathen fleets.


Alex Vüzentyaktsor ümüşe Sīvēq-s ilone irÖxinőts yojóstvatece fēşeftt, ifspédleş yoyolotre dzīvn meşā, hō bőö'v.
(Alex Vüzentyaktsor ümüşe Sīvēq-s ilone irÖxinőts yojóstvatece fēşeftt, ifspédleş yoyolotre dzīvn meşā, hō bőö'v.) 		Byzantine Emperor Alexius gifted Great Sīvēq the lands on the eastern shores of the Black Sea, if he can succesfully drive out the heathens occupying it.


Orhos, Jóvaya opbüşd vūthī.
(Orhos, Jóvaya opbüşd vūthī.) 		And thus, Jovaia was established.

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