Middle Tevvic

Ancient Tevvic
चैवैताण् (cēvētāṇ)
Pronunciation	[t͡ɕeː.ʋeː.ˈtɑːɳ]
Created by	Melinoë
Date	May, 2026
Native to	Uttarakhand
Ethnicity	Tevvics
Era	Spoken from the mid 12th to the late 17th centuries, developed into Modern Tevvic by 1700.
Language family	Indo-European Para-Germanic Chlesamnic Tevvic Ancient Tevvic
Early form	Proto-Chlesamnic
Writing system	Devanagari

Middle Tevvic (Autonym: चैवैताण्, /t͡ɕeː.ʋeː.ˈtɑːɳ/) was a language spoken in northern India, largely around the modern state of Uttarakhand. It is the direct descendant of Ancient Tevvic, though it is not intelligible with it in the slightest.

Development

Early Middle

Also called "Late Ancient"

• /ʎ/ > /ɕ/
• word final /Cʰ/ > /h/
• voiced aspirates to voiced, developing a minor tonal distinction
• beginning of stress shift to mesostatic throughout
• geminated aspirates to short

Middle proper

• final /h/ lost
• final /ɑ, ə, ɛ, ɔ/ lost, long variants shorten to /ə/, /e, o, i, u/ > /ɛ, ɔ, e, o/
• loss of nasals after oral stops, as in Ancient Tevvic "phḗthmạh" > Middle Tevvic "phēthe".
• voiceless aspirates to voiceless, imparting a high tone on the vowel
• /ə/ > /ɛ/
• merger of /ɛ, e/ and /ɔ, o/

Phonology

Vowels

This first table is the set of "primary" vowels.

independent	transliteration	IPA	dependent		Independent	transliteration	IPA	dependent
अ	a	[ɑ]	प		आ	ā	[ɑː]	पा
इ	i	[i]	पि		ई	ī	[iː]	पी
उ	u	[u]	पु		ऊ	ū	[uː]	पू
ऍ	e	[ɛ]	पॅ		ऐ	ē	[ɛː]	पै
ऎ	ei	[e]	पॆ		ए	ēi	[eː]	पे
ऑ	o	[ɔ]	पॉ		औ	ō	[ɔː]	पौ
ऒ	ou	[o]	पॊ		ओ	ōu	[oː]	पो

This second table is the set of "altered" vowels, containing the front rounds and central vowels. These repurpose the anusvara as a quality modifier.

independent	transliteration	IPA	dependent		Independent	transliteration	IPA	dependent
इं	ị	[y]	पिं		ईं	ị̄	[yː]	पीं
उं	ụ	[ɨ]	पुं		ऊं	ụ̄	[ɨː]	पूं
ऍं	ẹ	[œ]	पॅं		ऐं	ẹ̄	[œː]	पैं
ऎं	ẹi	[ø]	पॆं		एं	ẹ̄i	[øː]	पें

Stress is marked through the udatta, such as प॑ (pa॑), though the anudatta is common for tall symbols (as in "पे॒" ("pe॒"))

Consonants

Phonetics →	Occlusive								Nasal		Approximant		Fricative
Voicing →	voiceless				voiced								voiceless		voiced
Aspiration →	unaspirated		aspirated		unaspirated		aspirated		unaspirated
Velar	क	ka [k]	ख	kha [k]	ग	ga [ɡ]	घ	gha [ɡ]					ह	ha [h]
Palatal	च	ca [tɕ]	छ	cha [tɕ]	ज	ja [dʑ]	झ	jha [dʑ]	ञ	ña [ɲ]	य	ya [j]	श	śa [ɕ]	झ़	źa [ʑ]
Retroflex	ट	ṭa [ʈ]	ठ	ṭha [ʈ]	ड	ḍa [ɖ]	ढ	ḍha [ɖ]	ण	ṇa [ɳ]	र	ra [ɻ]	ष	ṣa [ʂ]	ढ़	ẓa [ʐ]
Dental	त	ta [t̪]	थ	tha [t̪]	द	da [d̪]	ध	dha [d̪]	न	na [n̪]	ल	la [l]	स	sa [s]	ज़	za [z]
Labial	प	pa [p]	फ	pha [p]	ब	ba [b]	भ	bha [b]	म	ma [m]	व	va [ʋ]

Morphology

All inflectable terms follow one of three stress patterns, acrostatic (initial stress), mesostatic (stressed ending), or kinetic. kinetic stress originally entailed a moving stress, where it was acrostatic in some forms, but mesostatic in others, this "moving" stress has been leveled out, but the phonological effects remain, as in मंहः॑ (mạháh) but मंगः॑ (mạgáh).

Nominals

Nominals decline based on roughly 4 categories, those being number, case, gender (adjectives), and possessor (nouns). Noun roots may be derived for different genders, often for a semantic change.

Nouns

Possessive endings

	singular	plural
1st	-म ((-ma))	-ष ((-ṣa))
2nd	-थ ((-tha))	-ष्व ((-ṣva))
3rd	-ण ((-ṇa))	-नैस ((-nēsa))

Masculines

a-stem

a-stem masculine nouns (acrostatic)

	उ॑ल्फंः (u॑lphăh)		फ॑ह्रंः (pha॑hrăh)		[Term?]
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
nominative	उ॑ल्फंः (úlphạh)	उ॑ल्फॉः (úlphoh)	फ॑ह्रंः (pháhrạh)	फ॑ह्रॉः (pháhroh)	()	()
vocative	उ॑ल्फ् (úlph)	उ॑ल्फॉः (úlphoh)	फ॑ह्र् (pháhr)	फ॑ह्रॉः (pháhroh)	()	()
accusative	उ॑ल्फ (úlpha)	उ॑ल्फः (úlphah)	फ॑ह्र (pháhra)	फ॑ह्रः (pháhrah)	()	()
allative	उ॑ल्फौर् (úlphōr)	उ॑ल्फह्र्(úlphahr)	फ॑ह्रौर् (pháhrōr)	फ॑ह्रह्र् (pháhrahr)	()	()
genitive	उ॑ल्फंः (úlphạh)	उ॑ल्फां (úlphạ̄)	फ॑ह्रंः (pháhrạh)	फ॑ह्रां (pháhrạ̄)	()	()
ablative	उ॑ल्फॅच् (úlphec)	उ॑ल्फः (úlphah)	फ॑ह्रॅच् (pháhrec)	फ॑ह्रः (pháhrah)	()	()
dative	उ॑ल्फै (úlphē)	उ॑ल्फैसॉ (úlphēso)	फ॑ह्रै (pháhrē)	फ॑ह्रैसॉ (pháhrēso)	()	()
instrumental	उ॑ल्फॉ (úlpho)	उ॑ल्फंः (úlphạh)	फ॑ह्रॉ (pháhro)	फ॑ह्रंः (pháhrạh)	()	()

Verbs

Verbs have evolved into an entirely agglutinative formation, largely from two main factors, being sound changes and the sheer size of the verbal system, which you will see below.

The various aspects are formed through different endings, though they all share a common pattern.

• perfective: -(अ/इ)ण् (-(a/i)ṇ)
• progressive: -नण् (-naṇ)
• habitual: -जिण् (-jiṇ)
• causative: -(अ)सों (-(a)sŏ)

The tense endings attach directly to the aspect endings. The various tense endings are:

• present: -अ (-a)
• past: -एधण् (-edhaṇ)
• future: -(अ)शण् (-(a)śaṇ)

There exists four moods:

• The indicative, which is the basic form of almost all verbs (though some only exist in the subjunctive)
• The subjunctive, also variously called the optative or the desiderative, is formed by modifying other suffixes:
  • present: -य (-ya)
  • past: -एधि (-edhi)
  • future: -(अ)शि (-(a)śa)
• interrogative: -ओं (-ŏ)
• conditional: -(अ)सों (-(a)sŏ)

There are two voices, the (medio)passive being marked with -श् (-ś).

Negation is handled through the prefix तो- (to-).

Person marking seems to have been for both subject and object, with the object being optional if specified otherwise.

Subject endings

	singular	plural
1st	-म -ma	-ष -ṣa
2nd	-थ -tha	-ष्व -ṣva
3rd	-ण -ṇa	-नैस -nēsa

Object endings

	singular	plural
1st	-म् -m	-ज़् -z
2nd	-थ् -th	-ज़्व् -zv
3rd	-ण् -ṇ	-न -na

Full inflection tables

The tables here are the full conjugations provided within Contionary entries, these are split up by tense and aspect, thus there is upwards of sixteen tables per verb. These shall use the root फैथ् (phēth).

Present

Present, perfective: फैथण् (phēthaṇ), फैथणश् (phēthaṇaś)

		singular						plural						impersonal
		1st		2nd		3rd		1st		2nd		3rd
indicative
active	positive	फैथम phēthama		फैथथ phēthatha		फैथण phēthaṇa		फैथष phēthaṣa		फैथष्व phēthaṣva		फैथनैस phēthanēsa		फैथ phētha
	negative	तोफैथम tophēthama		तोफैथथ tophēthatha		तोफैथण tophēthaṇa		तोफैथष tophēthaṣa		तोफैथष्व tophēthaṣva		तोफैथनैस tophēthanēsa		तोफैथ tophētha
passive	positive	फैथमश् phēthamaś		फैथथश् phēthathaś		फैथणश् phēthaṇaś		फैथषश् phēthaṣaś		फैथष्वश् phēthaṣvaś		फैथनैसश् phēthanēsaś		फैथश् phēthaś
	negative	तोफैथमश् tophēthamaś		तोफैथथश् tophēthathaś		तोफैथणश् tophēthaṇaś		तोफैथषश् tophēthaṣaś		तोफैथष्वश् tophēthaṣvaś		तोफैथनैसश् tophēthanēsaś		तोफैथश् tophēthaś
desiderative
active	positive	फैथ्यम phēthyama		फैथ्यथ phēthyatha		फैथ्यण phēthyaṇa		फैथ्यष phēthyaṣa		फैथ्यष्व phēthyaṣva		फैथ्यनैस phēthyanēsa		फैथ्य phēthya
	negative	तोफैथ्यम tophēthyama		तोफैथ्यथ tophēthyatha		तोफैथ्यण tophēthyaṇa		तोफैथ्यष tophēthyaṣa		तोफैथ्यष्व tophēthyaṣva		तोफैथ्यनैस tophēthyanēsa		तोफैथ्य tophēthya
passive	positive	फैथ्यमश् phēthyamaś		फैथ्यथश् phēthyathaś		फैथ्यणश् phēthyaṇaś		फैथ्यषश् phēthyaṣaś		फैथ्यष्वश् phēthyaṣvaś		फैथ्यनैसश् phēthyanēsaś		फैथ्यश् phēthyaś
	negative	तोफैथ्यमश् tophēthyamaś		तोफैथ्यथश् tophēthyathaś		तोफैथ्यणश् tophēthyaṇaś		तोफैथ्यषश् tophēthyaṣaś		तोफैथ्यष्वश् tophēthyaṣvaś		तोफैथ्यनैसश् tophēthyanēsaś		तोफैथ्यश् tophēthyaś
conditional
active	positive	फैथसोंम phēthasŏma		फैथसोंथ phēthasŏtha		फैथसोंण phēthasŏṇa		फैथसोंष phēthasŏṣa		फैथसोंष्व phēthasŏṣva		फैथसोंनैस phēthasŏnēsa		फैथसों phēthasŏ
	negative	तोफैथसोंम tophēthasŏma		तोफैथसोंथ tophēthasŏtha		तोफैथसोंण tophēthasŏṇa		तोफैथसोंष tophēthasŏṣa		तोफैथसोंष्व tophēthasŏṣva		तोफैथसोंनैस tophēthasŏnēsa		तोफैथसों tophēthasŏ
passive	positive	फैथसोंमश् phēthasŏmaś		फैथसोंथश् phēthasŏthaś		फैथसोंणश् phēthasŏṇaś		फैथसोंषश् phēthasŏṣaś		फैथसोंष्वश् phēthasŏṣvaś		फैथसोंनैसश् phēthasŏnēsaś		फैथसोंश् phēthasŏś
	negative	तोफैथसोंमश् tophēthasŏmaś		तोफैथसोंथश् tophēthasŏthaś		तोफैथसोंणश् tophēthasŏṇaś		तोफैथसोंषश् tophēthasŏṣaś		तोफैथसोंष्वश् tophēthasŏṣvaś		तोफैथसोंनैसश् tophēthasŏnēsaś		तोफैथसोंश् tophēthasŏś
interrogative
active	positive	फैथोंम phēthŏma		फैथोंथ phēthŏtha		फैथोंण phēthŏṇa		फैथोंष phēthŏṣa		फैथोंष्व phēthŏṣva		फैथोंनैस phēthŏnēsa		फैथों phēthŏ
	negative	तोफैथोंम tophēthŏma		तोफैथोंथ tophēthŏtha		तोफैथोंण tophēthŏṇa		तोफैथोंष tophēthŏṣa		तोफैथोंष्व tophēthŏṣva		तोफैथोंनैस tophēthŏnēsa		तोफैथों tophēthŏ
passive	positive	फैथोंमश् phēthŏmaś		फैथोंथश् phēthŏthaś		फैथोंणश् phēthŏṇaś		फैथोंषश् phēthŏṣaś		फैथोंष्वश् phēthŏṣvaś		फैथोंनैसश् phēthŏnēsaś		फैथोंश् phēthŏś
	negative	तोफैथोंमश् tophēthŏmaś		तोफैथोंथश् tophēthŏthaś		तोफैथोंणश् tophēthŏṇaś		तोफैथोंषश् tophēthŏṣaś		तोफैथोंष्वश् tophēthŏṣvaś		तोफैथोंनैसश् tophēthŏnēsaś		तोफैथोंश् tophēthŏś
participles
active		फैथ् phēth
passive		फैथश् phēthaś

Present, progressive: फैथनण् (phēthanaṇ), फैथनणश् (phēthanaṇaś)

		singular						plural						impersonal
		1st		2nd		3rd		1st		2nd		3rd
indicative
active	positive	फैथनम phēthanama		फैथनथ phēthanatha		फैथनण phēthanaṇa		फैथनष phēthanaṣa		फैथनष्व phēthanaṣva		फैथननैस phēthananēsa		फैथन phēthana
	negative	तोफैथनम tophēthanama		तोफैथनथ tophēthanatha		तोफैथनण tophēthanaṇa		तोफैथनष tophēthanaṣa		तोफैथनष्व tophēthanaṣva		तोफैथननैस tophēthananēsa		तोफैथन tophēthana
passive	positive	फैथनमश् phēthanamaś		फैथनथश् phēthanathaś		फैथनणश् phēthanaṇaś		फैथनषश् phēthanaṣaś		फैथनष्वश् phēthanaṣvaś		फैथननैसश् phēthananēsaś		फैथनश् phēthanaś
	negative	तोफैथनमश् tophēthanamaś		तोफैथनथश् tophēthanathaś		तोफैथनणश् tophēthanaṇaś		तोफैथनषश् tophēthanaṣaś		तोफैथनष्वश् tophēthanaṣvaś		तोफैथननैसश् tophēthananēsaś		तोफैथनश् tophēthanaś
desiderative
active	positive	फैथन्यम phēthanyama		फैथन्यथ phēthanyatha		फैथन्यण phēthanyaṇa		फैथन्यष phēthanyaṣa		फैथन्यष्व phēthanyaṣva		फैथन्यनैस phēthanyanēsa		फैथन्य phēthanya
	negative	तोफैथन्यम tophēthanyama		तोफैथन्यथ tophēthanyatha		तोफैथन्यण tophēthanyaṇa		तोफैथन्यष tophēthanyaṣa		तोफैथन्यष्व tophēthanyaṣva		तोफैथन्यनैस tophēthanyanēsa		तोफैथन्य tophēthanya
passive	positive	फैथन्यमश् phēthanyamaś		फैथन्यथश् phēthanyathaś		फैथन्यणश् phēthanyaṇaś		फैथन्यषश् phēthanyaṣaś		फैथन्यष्वश् phēthanyaṣvaś		फैथन्यनैसश् phēthanyanēsaś		फैथन्यश् phēthanyaś
	negative	तोफैथन्यमश् tophēthanyamaś		तोफैथन्यथश् tophēthanyathaś		तोफैथन्यणश् tophēthanyaṇaś		तोफैथन्यषश् tophēthanyaṣaś		तोफैथन्यष्वश् tophēthanyaṣvaś		तोफैथन्यनैसश् tophēthanyanēsaś		तोफैथन्यश् tophēthanyaś
conditional
active	positive	फैथनसोंम phēthanasŏma		फैथनसोंथ phēthanasŏtha		फैथनसोंण phēthanasŏṇa		फैथनसोंष phēthanasŏṣa		फैथनसोंष्व phēthanasŏṣva		फैथनसोंनैस phēthanasŏnēsa		फैथनसों phēthanasŏ
	negative	तोफैथनसोंम tophēthanasŏma		तोफैथनसोंथ tophēthanasŏtha		तोफैथनसोंण tophēthanasŏṇa		तोफैथनसोंष tophēthanasŏṣa		तोफैथनसोंष्व tophēthanasŏṣva		तोफैथनसोंनैस tophēthanasŏnēsa		तोफैथनसों tophēthanasŏ
passive	positive	फैथनसोंमश् phēthanasŏmaś		फैथनसोंथश् phēthanasŏthaś		फैथनसोंणश् phēthanasŏṇaś		फैथनसोंषश् phēthanasŏṣaś		फैथनसोंष्वश् phēthanasŏṣvaś		फैथनसोंनैसश् phēthanasŏnēsaś		फैथनसोंश् phēthanasŏś
	negative	तोफैथनसोंमश् tophēthanasŏmaś		तोफैथनसोंथश् tophēthanasŏthaś		तोफैथनसोंणश् tophēthanasŏṇaś		तोफैथनसोंषश् tophēthanasŏṣaś		तोफैथनसोंष्वश् tophēthanasŏṣvaś		तोफैथनसोंनैसश् tophēthanasŏnēsaś		तोफैथनसोंश् tophēthanasŏś
interrogative
active	positive	फैथनोंम phēthanŏma		फैथनोंथ phēthanŏtha		फैथनोंण phēthanŏṇa		फैथनोंष phēthanŏṣa		फैथनोंष्व phēthanŏṣva		फैथनोंनैस phēthanŏnēsa		फैथनों phēthanŏ
	negative	तोफैथनोंम tophēthanŏma		तोफैथनोंथ tophēthanŏtha		तोफैथनोंण tophēthanŏṇa		तोफैथनोंष tophēthanŏṣa		तोफैथनोंष्व tophēthanŏṣva		तोफैथनोंनैस tophēthanŏnēsa		तोफैथनों tophēthanŏ
passive	positive	फैथनोंमश् phēthanŏmaś		फैथनोंथश् phēthanŏthaś		फैथनोंणश् phēthanŏṇaś		फैथनोंषश् phēthanŏṣaś		फैथनोंष्वश् phēthanŏṣvaś		फैथनोंनैसश् phēthanŏnēsaś		फैथनोंश् phēthanŏś
	negative	तोफैथनोंमश् tophēthanŏmaś		तोफैथनोंथश् tophēthanŏthaś		तोफैथनोंणश् tophēthanŏṇaś		तोफैथनोंषश् tophēthanŏṣaś		तोफैथनोंष्वश् tophēthanŏṣvaś		तोफैथनोंनैसश् tophēthanŏnēsaś		तोफैथनोंश् tophēthanŏś
participles
active		फैथन् phēthan
passive		फैथनश् phēthanaś

Texts

UDHR Article 1

Original (English)

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Vocabulary

Phrasebook

Greetings
Tevvotanva	English	Usage notes
	welcome
	good morning	must agree for gender
	good evening
	good day, (formal) hello
	farewell, goodbye
	hello, hi	casual
	(good)bye

Introductions
Tevvotanva	English
	what is your name?
	my name is...
	how are you?
	I am [adj], and you?
	where are you from?
	I am from...

Numerals

1	ऐण् (ēṇ)
2	थुं (thŭ)
3	ठ (ṭha)
4	ष्ट्वार् (ṣṭvār)
5	पच् (pac)
6	सख्श् (sakhś)
7	षव् (ṣav)
8	अढ़्द् (aẓd)
9	नव् (nav)
10	चः (cah)
11	ऐणेचः (ēṇecah)
12	थ्वेचः (thvecah)

Colors

Colors in Middle Tevvic · रन्ग् (rang) (layout · text)

लौग्झ़् (lōgź), फ्लेक् (phlek)	फीम् (phīm), मोश्ग् (mośg); अस्काथ् (askāth)	स्वर्ठ् (svarṭh)
रौध् (rōdh), ओण्धोण् (oṇdhoṇ)	थुण् (thuṇ); एर्भ्न् (erbhn)	फ्लेव् (phlev), फैतात् (phētāt)
ह्रोन् (hron)	षेल्ग्व् (ṣelgv), हरित् (harit)	नील् (nīl)
अमाथ् (amāth)	हाज़्व् (hāzv)	मेचक् (mecak)
शौण् (śōṇ)	शौण् (śōṇ)	पाटल् (pāṭal)

Lexical comparison

Leipzig-Jakarta

Leipzig-Jakarta List
Rank	English	Proto-?	Tevvotanva
1	fire		[Term?]
2	nose		[Term?]
3	to go		[Term?]
4	water		[Term?]
5	mouth (body) (river)		[Term?]
6	tongue		[Term?]
7	blood		[Term?]
8	bone		[Term?]
9	2sg pronoun (you)		[Term?]
10	root		[Term?]
11	to come (move)		[Term?]
12	breast		[Term?]
13	rain		[Term?]
14	1sg pronoun (I)		[Term?]
15	name		[Term?]
16	louse (Phthirapteron)		[Term?]
17	wing		[Term?]
18	flesh/meat		[Term?]
19	arm/hand		[Term?]
20	fly (Dipteron)		[Term?]
21	night (time)		[Term?]
22	ear		[Term?]
23	neck		[Term?]
24	far (prep.)		[Term?]
25	to do/make		[Term?]
26	house/structure		[Term?]
27	stone/rock (singular)		[Term?]
28	bitter		[Term?]
29	to say		[Term?]
30	tooth		[Term?]
31	hair		[Term?]
32	big		[Term?]
33	one (number)		[Term?]
34	who?		[Term?]
35	3sg pronoun (they) (m) (f) (n)		[Term?]
36	to hit/beat		[Term?]
37	leg/foot		[Term?]
38	horn		[Term?]
39	this (pron.)		[Term?]
40	fish		[Term?]
41	yesterday		[Term?]
42	to drink		[Term?]
43	black (color)		[Term?]
44	navel		[Term?]
45	to stand		[Term?]
46	to bite		[Term?]
47	back (body)		[Term?]
48	wind		[Term?]
49	smoke (substance)		[Term?]
50	what?		[Term?]
51	child (kin term)		[Term?]
52	egg		[Term?]
53	to give		[Term?]
54	new (adj.)		[Term?]
55	to burn (intr.)		[Term?]
56	not (adj./adv.)		[Term?]
57	good	[Term?]
58	to know		[Term?]
59	knee		[Term?]
60	sand		[Term?]
61	to laugh		[Term?]
62	to hear		[Term?]
63	soil		[Term?]
64	leaf		[Term?]
65	red (color)		[Term?]
66	liver (organ)		[Term?]
67	to hide		[Term?]
68	skin/hide (animal) (general)		[Term?]
69	to suck		[Term?]
70	to carry		[Term?]
71	ant (Formid)		[Term?]
72	heavy		[Term?]
73	to take		[Term?]
74	old		[Term?]
75	to eat		[Term?]
76	thigh		[Term?]
77	thick		[Term?]
78	long (spacially)		[Term?]
79	to blow		[Term?]
80	wood		[Term?]
81	to run		[Term?]
82	to fall		[Term?]
83	eye (body-part)		[Term?]
84	ash		[Term?]
85	tail		[Term?]
86	dog		[Term?]
87	to cry/weep		[Term?]
88	to tie		[Term?]
89	to see		[Term?]
90	sweet		[Term?]
91	rope		[Term?]
92	shade/shadow		[Term?]
93	bird		[Term?]
94	salt		[Term?]
95	small		[Term?]
96	wide		[Term?]
97	star		[Term?]
98	in		[Term?]
99	hard (materially)		[Term?]
100	to crush/grind		[Term?]

See also

• Middle Tevvic dictionary