User:IlL/Spare pages 1/4

Kurmian/Swadesh list

IlL/Spare pages 1/4 (natively an dûaigh Cùm /ʔan dˠûəj kʰūːm/, written Kurm) is a lect of Wiebian and the official language of the Verse:Kurm Republic. It's inspired by Irish and Chinese: it's a monosyllabic tonal language with palatalized consonants and initial consonant mutations. Unlike other Wiebian lects, Kurmian retains the Ancient Wiebian declension system.

Todo

aigh ⟨ach⟩ /ʔaj/

Sound changes

• s!x > sng! > hng <sng>
• sch > s!= > k= <sc>

From Schnueher page:

Tone from French style weakening of finals? (-d, -t > high (short V)/rising (long V); -s > low (short V)/falling (long V); -de/-te > -t)

final stops > high tone; final -Ce > final -C; final -l > ŋ

nasal vowels > vowel + w

-s would still serve as a tone marker

Some AW sources for finals:

• -p < -fe, -ffe, -pf(e), -be
• -t < -de, -te
• -k < -cke
• -m < -me, -mpfe
• -n < -ne, -nde, -nze
• -ŋ < -nge, -nke, -l, -le
• -w < -m, -n, -nd, -ng, -nk, -b, -f
• -ː < -ge
• -j < -tz, -tze, -sche, -st, -ste, -che (ich-laut), -se
• -h < -re, -che

Uncategorized: -mpf, -mpfe, -nd, -nde, -nz, -nze, -nk, -nke > -m(h), -n(ʔ), -n(h), -ŋ(ʔ)?

Phonology

Phonotactics

The maximal syllable structure is C(r/l)VC. A syllable is not allowed to terminate in a short vowel except in some function words.

Allowed initial clusters (not counting mutations): pr tr cr br dr gr fr ngr spr str scr pl cl bl gl fl spl

Initials

Consonant phonemes

		Labial		Alveolar		Velar		Laryngeal
		broad	slender	broad	slender	slender	broad
Nasal	voiceless	ʰmˠ	ʰmʲ	ʰn̪ˠ	ʰnʲ	ʰɲ	ʰŋ
	voiced	mˠ	mʲ	n̪ˠ	nʲ	ɲ	ŋ
Stop /Affricate	plain	pˠ	pʲ	t̪ˠ	tʲ	c	k	ʔ
	tense	pˠ˭	pʲ˭	t̪ˠ˭	tʲ˭	c˭	k˭
	voiced	bˠ	bʲ	d̪ˠ	dʲ	ɟ	g
Fricative	voiceless	fˠ	fʲ	sˠ	sʲ	ç	x	h
	voiced	vˠ	vʲ	zˠ	zʲ	j	ɣ
Trill	voiceless			ʰrˠ	ʰrʲ
	voiced			rˠ	rʲ
Lateral	voiceless			ʰl̪ˠ	ʰlʲ
	voiced			l̪ˠ	lʲ

• /ʰm ʰn ʰŋ ʰl ʰr/ are written sm sn sng sl sr.
• /p˭ t˭ k˭/ are written sp st sc.

Vowels

/ˠa ˠɪ ˠɔ ˠʊ ˠaː ˠeː ˠiː ˠoː ˠuː ˠuə/ a oi/ui o u à aè aoì ò ù ùa

/ʲa ʲi ʲaː ʲeː ʲiː ʲoː ʲuː ʲiə/ ea i à è/èi aoì eò iù ìa

Finals

The allowed finals are: /p t k m n ŋ r j w/ ⟨b d g m n l/ng r igh bh⟩

Tones

Rising, mid, falling (á, à/unmarked, â)

Short vowels are toneless. (cf. "entering tone" in Middle Chinese)

Mutations

The following initials can undergo lenition or eclipsis:

Initial mutations

Grapheme	m	p	b	f	t	d	s	z	c	g	∅
IPA	/m/	/p/	/b/	/f/	/t/	/d/	/s/	/z/	/k/	/g/	/ʔ/
Lenited	mh	ph	bh	fh	th	dh	sh	zh	ch	gh	∅
IPA	/v/	/f/	/v/	/ʔ/	/h/	/ɣ/, /j/	/h/	/ʔ/	/x/	/ɣ/, /j/	/ʔ/
Eclipsed	-	bp	mb	bhf	dt	nd	zs	-	gc	n-g	n-
IPA	-	/b/	/m/	/v/	/d/	/n/	/z/	-	/g/	/ŋ/	/n/

In addition, h-prothesis adds h- to the beginning of a word beginning with a vowel.

Morphology

Nouns

Compound words are head-final: sóng-truu = 'agenda book' (lit. 'check-book', i.e. a book that one checks)

Attributive adjectives precede the noun and take the same mutation as the noun. Examples:

• an gò gaoì 'the tall tree' (nominative)
• an n-gò dtrú 'the long book' (nominative)

Definite mutations

Masculine definite mutations
	Singular	Plural
Def. nom.	h-prothesis	lenition
Def. acc.	eclipsis	h-prothesis
Def. gen.	lenition	eclipsis

Feminine definite mutations
	Singular	Plural
Def. nom.	lenition	eclipsis
Def. acc.	h-prothesis	lenition
Def. gen.	eclipsis	h-prothesis

Neuter definite mutations
	Singular	Plural
Def. nom.	eclipsis	h-prothesis
Def. acc.	lenition	eclipsis
Def. gen.	h-prothesis	lenition

gaoì 'tree' - masculine
	Singular	Plural
Def. nom.	an gaoì	na ghaoì
Def. acc.	an ngaoì	na gaoì
Def. gen.	an ghaoì	na ngaoì

crùaigh 'thought' - feminine
	Singular	Plural
Def. nom.	an chrùaigh	na gcrùaigh
Def. acc.	an crùaigh	na chrùaigh
Def. gen.	an gcrùaigh	na crùaigh

trú 'book' - neuter
	Singular	Plural
Def. nom.	an dtrú	na trú
Def. acc.	an thrú	na dtrú
Def. gen.	an trú	na thrú

Verb phrase

Verbs do not inflect for subject agreement or tense; however, preverbal tense/discourse/connective markers trigger mutations on the verb. Unusually, connectives come immediately after the verb.

Tense:

• present: no marker
  • sèir = 'dies' (< AW zernen), eic /ʔɛk/ = 'buys' (< AW eckern)
• past: scil + lenition (< AW schillen 'finish')
  • scil shèir = 'died', scil eic = 'bought'
• future: ngêir + h-prothesis ( < AW Đerz 'wish')
  • ngêir sèir = 'will die', ngéir h-eic 'will buy'
• infinitive: go + lenition (from ge-)
  • go shèir = 'to die'

Connectives:

• zeár: 'when' (< AW sätter 'eventually')
• daoìgh + eclipsis: 'because' (< AW deichen)
• spàr: 'but, however' (spaler 'unfortunately')

Derivational morphology

• ba- + lenition (from be-): verbalizer
  • ba-bhì: 'nasalize' < bì 'nose'
• go- + lenition (from ge-): nominalizer
  • also for- (from ver-)
• inn-: increments a verb's valency
• sar-: decrements a verb's velency

Sample texts

UDHR, Article 1

Scil shéibh bî-bî an bhfàr go thúa mâ dè bân fhor-stuid ngìn gcreóbh dè ngìn fhor-cing. ...