Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Post Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
Plosive | p b | t d | | | | k g | ʔ |
Nasal | m | n | | | | | |
Fricative | | | s z | ʃ | | ɣ | h |
Lateral Fricative | | ɬ | | | | | |
Approximant | | | | | j | | |
Lateral Approximant | | l | | | | | |
Affricate | | tɬ dɮ | | | | | |
Vowels
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| Front | Back | Diphthongs |
Close | i | u | uj |
Close-Mid | e | | ej |
Open | a | | aj |
Tones
'Ináwah technically only has two tones (high and neutral), but adjacent, identical vowels with contrasting tones may produce rising or falling tones with long vowel length in lax speech. A high tone is the marked tone and is denoted in romanization by an acute acent above the vowel and by a bar in native orthography.
Phonotactics
Allowed Syllables
- CV(h,j)
- ʔ(syllabic nasal)
Phonological Rules
- nasal > ʔ + syllabic / $_$
- j > i / V_$
- g > ɣ / V$_
Stress
- High tones always get primary stress.
- If there is a word with all identical tones, the ultimate syllable receives primary stress.
- In the event that there are varying tones, the last high tone receives the primary stress.
Orthography
Romanization
Most sounds are represented with the IPA equivalent except for a few mentioned here.
IPA | Romanization |
ʔ | ' |
ɬ | lh |
tɬ | tl |
dɮ | dl |
j | y |
Other Orthographies
- Tlatá Logography
- Súdu Syllabary
Morphology
Verbs
I definitely don’t walk.
Negation | Prefix | 'Ináwah Example | English |
Simple Negation | ba- | bakemu | I don’t walk. |
Double Negation | 'úba-, ba'úba-, 'úba'úba-, … | 'úbakemu | I don’t not walk. |
Intensified Negation | ba+ba-, … | babakemu | |
Nouns
Postpositions
Conjunctions
Interfixes
Syntax
Word Order
SOV
Noun Phrase
- Noun + Postposition
- Noun + Adjective Phrase
Verb Phrase
Sentence Phrase
Dependent Clauses
Sample Texts