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Classical Netagin/Lexicon

Classical Netagin/Swadesh list

דף זה בעברית

Classical Netagin (Classical Netagin: băric năþågin [pəˈrits nəðɒˈgin], Eevo: traditionally Nyðogín Afẃr 'Noble Netagin', Clofabosin: netagosin), also called Old Netagin (Eevo: Nyðogín Dair), is the stage of Netagin descended from Ancient Netagin.

Noble Netagin is a classical language in Talma; it was the language of the Netagin Republic in Ancient Talma and lent some loans to other Talman languages such as Eevo and Bênôcian. Noble Netagin used to be a mainstay of elite education and is still commonly taught in Talma.

It's inspired by the idea of "Hebrew through a looking-glass".

Soul-searching

Grammar shd be more Eevo-like: no definiteness, perhaps

• 'es- shd be a Lushootseed-style determiner

Sound changes from ANtg

• a > a
• ā > å
• ay, i > e
  • i > è in stressed syllables in construct state
• ī > i
• aw, u > o
  • u > ò in stressed syllables in construct state
• ō > ö
• propretonic or pretonic short vowels reduce to ă (depending on state, part of speech)
• ū > u

Todo

• Actually n should assimilate after all?
• ergativity
• some Riqimai-esque bhlaoighnity

Roots

• s-r-ć: to heed, to obey
• y-r-z: to hear
• ŋ-c: be in front
• w-s-g: similar
• n-þ-g: sing
• n-s-d: learn
• m-r: go
• w-x-s: love
• b-n-s: hide
• ȝ-z-f: poke
• z-ħ-m: praise, honor
• ŋ-þ-w: new
• x-3-f: reason
• h-ŋ-c: empty, null
• ħ-d-x: warm
• c-ŋ-t: garden, horticulture
• g-m-z: letter, element
• ŋ-b-ś: compassion, sympathy
• f-ś-r: agree, blend
• n-b-ś: courage
• þ-f-x: know
• y-r-f: roll
• f-c-m: read
• ȝ-x-r: write
• z-r-b: true, firm
• ś-d-ȝ: half, split
• f-s-t: step, stage
• ʔ-b-3: mind
• w-t-f: die
• þ-ŋ-b: measure
• z-m-z-m: hesitate
• s-w-ħ: king, rule
• ħ-c-g: value
• ʔ-t-r: punish
• g-b-n: say
• k-ȝ-k-ȝ: tile
• b-s-ŋ: clan, family
• b-c-3: force, coerce
• r-ʔ-b: criticize
• f-s-k: beast
• k-ȝ-d: agree
• z-ȝ-n: comfort, solace
• ʔ-ś-þ: light, color
• y-d-ś: compare, similar, metaphor
• s-f-ȝ: dear
• w-d-r: equal, same
• ħ-g-r: different
• m-g-þ: assign
• k-b-ć: shield, fortress
• k-z-r: hand over
• c-b-s: show, exhibit
• ħ-r-x: open
• þ-k-s: good, great
• ħ-n-b: use
• s-n-ȝ: help
• f-þ-ʔ: proud
• s-f-n: bold
• x-r-r: young
• x-ȝ-n: eternity
• ȝ-n: come
• ȝ-r-y: wait
• n-m-y: fall
• k-z-n: stop, settle
• b-r-c: speak
• ś-n-ħ: near
• ħ-t-r: swim
• ś-r-g: develop, evolve
• r-x-m: dwell
• ć-h-k: cold
• d-ħ-s: strong
• t-k: to sit on
• s-b-d: form, become
• ŋ-z-ʔ: pure
• d-ŋ-n: lowly, debased, humiliate
• ŋ-þ-ħ: stretch, deform
• r-ŋ-b: precious
• b-ħ-d: round
• z-n: grasp
• f-n-3: shine, radiate
• n-k-d: soft
• z-n-k: bite
• g-ȝ-n: straight

Phonology

Consonants

Netagin has 23 root consonants:

		Labial	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			ŋ /ŋ/
Plosive	unaspirated	b /p~b/	d /t~d/			g /k~g/			ʔ /ʔ/
	aspirated		t /tʰ~dʰ/			k /kʰ~gʰ/
Affricate			c /ts/	ć /tɬ/
Fricative	spirant	f /f~v/	þ /θ~ð/			x /x~ɣ/
	nonspirant		s /s/ z /z/	ś /ɬ/				ħ /ħ/	h /h/
Approximant		w /w/	r /ɾ/		y /j/		ȝ /ʁ~ʕ/

• /ɾ/ is realized as [r] when geminated.

Lenition

A form of lenition occurs after vowels (even across word boundaries), but is not transliterated.

Vowels

Classical Netagin has 10 vowels.

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i /i/		u /u/
Close-mid	e /e/	ö /ö/	o /o/
Open-mid	è /ɛ/	ă /ə/	ò /ɔ/
Open		a /a/	å /ɒ/

Stress

In native words primary stress can only fall on the ultimate, or less commonly the penultimate syllable.

Processes

The obstruents /p t k tʰ kʰ f θ x/ are lenited to [b d g dʰ gʰ v ð ɣ] after a vowel and after voiced sounds (including lenited obstruents, and except /ɾ/). This is called ʔankadö in Netagin.

Morphologically, sequences /rC/ often turn into geminates, due to historical assimilation.

Script

Netagin abugida

Netagin is written in a native left-to-right abugida; it developed from an older abjad which was used for Ancient Netagin.

Consonants

Some of these letters are used as matres lectionis (usually where root consonant letters became treated as part of the vowel).

Morphology

See also: Classical Netagin/Declension and Classical Netagin/Gzarot

The Classical Netagin noun system is typical of "old" Talman languages: nouns, which have gender, inflect for number and state; verbs take both subject and object affixes and display changes according to their syntactic environment.

Netagin uses a consonantal root system like the Semitic languages. Most roots have three consonants but some may have two or four, the latter mostly in reduplicated or onomatopoeic roots.

Prepositions

Prepositions inflect for person as in Celtic and Semitic languages.

• ʔaŋ- = to, for
• să- = in, at
• ră- = with (comitative)
• xaŋ = for
• hid = towards
• faC- = from
• zo = on
• xed, xidd- = with (instrumental)
• feś, fiśś- = between, among
• derå = because of
• dön = around, about
• keȝ = over, above
• noc = in front of, before
• căþin = without

Nouns

Nouns are traditionally divided into two genders (masculine, feminine), but a four-gender analysis ({masculine, feminine} × {animate, inanimate}) is more common in modern linguistics. There is an inverse number suffix (one for each gender): animate nouns have an unmarked singulative and the inverse number suffix in the collective while inanimate and mass nouns have the inverse number suffix in the singulative and an unmarked collective.

There is also a construct state, which is often marked with stem changes.

Nouns have a definite article ʔes-.

Classical Netagin has also innovated a sex-based gender system with masculine and feminine genders:

1. Ancient Netagin had an honorific distinction which required agreement in verbs and adjectives.
2. In Late Ancient Netagin, the honorific developed into its own gender, often being used for big, sacred, specialized, or abstract things, in addition to people of high social status.
3. The word for "lady", bī3ō, became the normal word for "woman" (like how Frau, formerly "lady", became the normal word for "woman" in German).
4. Thus, the former honorific agreement (in the third person) analogized to all women and became the feminine gender.

This led to many "great", "majestic", "sacred" or "specialized" objects being feminine in Classical Netagin.

Example declensions:

Sample nouns

	Singular		Plural
	absolute	construct	absolute	construct
Masculine, animate	xod	xod	xuddå	xuddå
Masculine, inanimate	yărefå	yirfå	yaref	yăref
Feminine, animate	ʔèȝsö	ʔèȝsön	ʔăȝåsöb	ʔèȝsöb
Feminine, inanimate	tăʔennöb	tăʔennöb	tăʔennö	tăʔennön

The demonstratives are ŋo 'this' and ri 'that'. With nouns, demonstratives may either precede or follow the noun but there's a difference in connotation. For example, "this bird" is either ʔes-xod ŋo or ŋo ʔes-xod, but the latter has the force of "this very bird".

Adjectives

Adjectives come after the noun and agree with nouns in gender and number [not in definiteness as in Semitic].

Declension

Nouns and adjectives have various mishkalim, or patterns, that have different declension paradigms.

Adjectives in -in decline as follows:

năþågin 'Netagin'

	Singular	Plural
Masculine animate	năþågin	năþåginå
Masculine inanimate	năþåginå	năþågin
Feminine animate	năþågiyö	năþågiyöb
Feminine inanimate	năþågiyöb	năþågiyö

Degree

Degree is indicated with affixes, as in European languages.

• -åm = "very"

"than": få

Pronouns

	Singular	Plural
1	ʔaxd	ʔaxxå
2	ʔan yarö (hon.)	ʔannå yaröb (hon.)
3	heh (m) han (f)	hènnå hanib (f)

Verbs

Binyanim

There are 12 binyanim, which tend to (but not always) have the following meanings:

• Binyan 1 verbs are verbs denoting intransitive actions ("come"), as well as stative verbs ("be cold") and some monotransitives. It is often considered the most basic form.
• Binyan 2 contains many monotransitive verbs, ("eat") including causativizations of Binyan 1 verbs ("make happy").
• Binyan 3 consists of verbs denote reflexive/reciprocal action ("get dressed", "kiss each other"), or change of state ("thicken").
• Binyan 4 contains causatives of transitive verbs ("feed") (and of some Binyan 2 and Binyan 3 verbs). Causatives of statives in the imperfective aspect may denote active maintenance of a state (as opposed to changing a state in the perfective aspect).
• Binyan 5 is roughly equivalent to the German prefix be- (applicative).
• Binyan 6 - telic, intensive
• Binyan 7 - telic
• Binyan 8 - "X a little, almost X"
• Binyan 9 - "X in advance, X for oneself" (from the middle voice)
• Binyan 10 - frequentative, "-le"
• Binyan 11 verbs tend to express gradual processes.
  • Ex. ħădådex 'warm up (literally or romantically)'.
• Binyan 12 - "mis-X, over-X"

Binyan	Imperfective	Perfective	Active Participle	Passive Participle	Verbnoun
1	1å2a3	-i12a3	1ö2e3	1e2o3	1å2e3, 1ă2i3
2	1a2ö3	-a12u3	1å2i3	1å2u3	1å2å3
3	ʔa12i13	-å12e3	bi11u2å3	þi11u2å3	ʔa12o3
4	ʔa1å2e3	-ă1e2u3	ba12a3	þa12å3	ʔa12a3ö
5	þa12u3	-uþ1å2e3	buþ1å2o3	þuþ1å2o3	þa12ö3ö
6	ʔi1:å2a3	-u1:e2o3	bu1:e2o3	þu1:e2o3	ʔu1:å2e3
7	ʔiþþă1å2o3	-uþþă1å2e3	buþþă1å2o3	þuþþă1å2o3	þiþþă1å2ī3
8	ʔi21å2e3	-i21e2o3	bu21å2o3	þu21å2o3	ʔu21å2e3
9	1as2o3	-u1is2o3	bu1as2o3	þu1as2o3	þu1as2e3
10	1ă2å2a3	-i12å2o3	bu12å2o3	þu12å2o3	þu12å2e3
11	1ă2å2e3	-i12e2o3	bu12e2o3	þu12e2o3	þi12å2e3
12	1i31a2o3	-i1i31e2o3	bu1i31å2o3	þu1i31å2o3	1i31å2e3

¹ Shortens to e when a suffix is added.

Affixes

Present tense affixes

	Singular	Plural
1	-x	-xå
2	-an -ar (polite)	-nå -ar (polite)
3	-∅ (m.) -ö (f.)	-å (m.) -öb (f.)

ʔabnes 'steal'

	Singular	Plural
1	ʔabnesx	ʔabnesxå
2	ʔabnesan ʔabnesar (polite)	ʔabnesnå ʔabnesar (polite)
3	ʔabnes (m.) ʔabnesö (f.)	ʔabneså (m.) ʔabnesöb (f.)

Past tense affixes

	Singular	Plural
1	x-	x-å
2	n- n-r (hon.)	n-å n-r (hon.)
3	h- h-ö (f.)	h-å h-öb (f.)

ʔabnis 'steal'

	Singular	Plural
1	xibbenos	xibbenoså
2	nibbenos nibbenosar (hon.)	nibbenoså nibbenosar (hon.)
3	hibbenos hibbenosö (f.)	hibbenoså hibbenosöb (f.)

Moods

ħatre = swim! (2sg)

ħatarnån = swim! (2pl)

ħatargun = swim! (polite, all numbers)

Ergative affixes

Ergative affixes are prefixes: they're placed before the subject prefixes if there are any.

Numbers

	n	nth	n each/at a time	n-fold; n-ad	1/n
0	ħaŋic	băhåŋuc	-	-	-
1	böd	băhåbud	budbåd	halálédh	-
2	ħez	băħuz	ħuzħåz	gaḥáḥéz	géḥáz
3	tuŋ	bătuŋ	tuŋtåŋ	tzebhábhél	tzibál
4	mikåś	bămåkuś	măkuśkåś	meqháqhétz	miqátz
5	fazzim	băfåzum	făzumzåm	pezázémh	pizzámh
6	ʔaŋbån	băŋåbun	ŋăbunbån	lebhábhén	libán
7	kacăd	băkåcud	kăcudcåd	qetzátzédh	qittzádh
8	xoȝås	băxåȝus	xăȝusȝås	ceˁáˁéš	céˁáš
9	riffuy	băråfuy	răfuyfå	rephápheh	ripeh
10	þabiŋ	băþåbuŋ	þăbiŋbåŋ	ḥacháchébh	ḥicábh
11	śǎduȝ	băśåduȝ	śăduȝdåȝ	-	-
12	zårux	băzårux	zăruxråx	-	-
144	gamån	băgåmun	gămunmån	-	-
1728	yeŋăs	băyåŋus	yăŋusŋås

Derivational morphology

• 1a2ă3, 1e2ă3, 1o2ă3 = noun
• 1a2å3, 1a2ö3 = adjective, noun?
• 1a22u3 = adjective relating to personal qualities
• ta12u3 = noun
• ʔi12å3 = agent noun
• 1å2a3, 1å2e3 = noun
• 1ö2a3 = noun
• 1i2a3, 1i2i3, 1i2u3 = noun
• (stolen from hebrew) 1a2a3ö, 1a2i3ö, 1a2u3ö = nouns
• 1i22a3, 1u22a3
• 1a22e3 = desire for X
• -in = adjective suffix
• -åm = augmentative
• -id (f) = abstract noun, collective

Syntax

Classical Netagin is syntactically ergative. Word order is subject-verb in intransitive clauses and object-verb-subject in transitive clauses.

Preverbs

When preverbs such as negation or subordinate conjunctions are used, the verb takes the "opposite" aspect of unpreceded verbs:

• ȝåxx 'I come (imperfective)', så xaȝån 'I do not come (imperfective)', niþ xaȝån 'if I come (imperfective)'
• xaȝån 'I came (perfective)', så ȝåxx 'I did not come (perfective)', niþ ȝåxx 'if I came (perfective)'

Ergativity

Ergative noun phrases use an ergative particle yi.

• ʔEs-þay hichem. = Father returned.

• ʔEs-måȝ hiskăȝö yis-þay. = Father saw Mother.

• ʔEs-þay hiskaȝ yis-måȝ. = Mother saw Father.

• ʔEs-þay hichem dă ʔes-måȝ hiskăȝö yis-þay. = Father returned and saw Mother.

• ʔEs-þay hichem dă sökeȝ xaþ-þay. = Father returned and saw Mother. (using the antipassive)

• ʔEs-þay hichem dă hiskaȝ yis-måȝ. = Father returned and Mother saw Father.

IMPORTANT: Semantic non-agents tend not to be marked with the ergative. Instead the preposition 'from' is used for what English would consider the agent:

ʔEs-þad heȝgab fac-cărag ćahek.

DET water 3SG-freeze_intr from=wind cold

The cold wind froze the water. [lit. The water froze from the cold wind.]

Here, using yi- as in *ʔEs-þad heȝgab yis-cărag ćahek would be incorrect, since cărag 'wind', as an inanimate noun, cannot be an agent in Netagin.

Relative clauses

Netagin relative clauses often use the verbal noun instead of a finite verb (cf. the flavor of your choosing).

Sample texts

Tower of Babel

Xad, să-rög ʔes-gåser böd băric da-yħenå bikå.

then in-all DEF-world one language and word-PL same-PL.M

Sem sa-fătinăhå ʔaŋ-þimmuś, kurac haroz yihå dă-hikzăʔå rån.

but in-migrate-3PL to-east, plain 3.PFV-find ERG-3PL and-3.PFV-dwell-PL there.

Dă-hibrăså, "ʔAce, 3ammå ʔaŋ-yăgåþ ogăn dă-ŋaþþiȝnån heh siħþåy." Dă-ʔemmad ʔu-fenuś huþħånăbå yis-yinnåk dă-ʔu-xåwde huþħånăbå yis-wăŋår.

Miscellaneous

Poetry

Netagin poetry is similar to Hebrew piyyutim in structure. They come in quantitative meters and tend to rhyme.

Meters:

• SLLL SLLL (hazaj)
• LLSLLL LLSLLL