Wistanian/Lexicon

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This is the WIP lexicon for the language of Wistanian. Entries are still being added, slowly but surely.

A

a [ˈa]

  1. mn. a vowel letter in the Wistanian alphabet, which represents the /a/ sound and its allophones.
  2. part. question particle when expressed after a sentence. (Q)
  3. part. if, conditional particle when expressed before a verb. (COND)

abaiyi [əˈbai̯ji]

  1. cn. dream esp. while asleep
  2. v. to dream at night
    • STA to be delusional, crazy, a romantic
    • DUR to be dreaming

abazi [əˈbazi]

  1. mn. all other things, the rest of something

abbin [əˈpin]

  1. apendage, finger/toe

adan [ˈadən]

  1. part. habitual particle, expressed before the verb to indicate that the subject normally preforms the action (HAB)

adda [ˈatə]

  1. v. to give birth
    • STA to be a mother
    • DUR to give birth

addyaara [ətˈjeɾə]

  1. v. to combine
    • STA to be combined; to be mixed
    • DUR to combine; to mix together

aggil [əˈkil]

  1. mn. pain

agima [ˈaɡɪmə]

  1. v. to stir, mix
    • STA to be stirred, mixed.
    • DUR to stir

ajal [əˈʒal]

  1. cn. something that is necessary or essential; an important part

ajidi [əˈʒidi]

  1. v. to escape
    • STA to be an escapee or refugee
    • DUR to escape

ajma [ˈaʒmə]

  1. cn. spirits that most Wistanians believe in and some worship. Credited with creating the worlds, including their own.

aju [ˈaʒɯ]

  1. v. to sneeze
    • STA to be sick
      • This is not the only term for being sick, and specifically refers to a sickness that is mostly sinus-related.
    • DUR sneezing

alali [əˈlali]

  1. v. to run
    • STA to be under the effects of running, to be tired or exhausted from running
    • DUR to run; to run toward

alaudd [əˈlɑt]

  1. cn. something tall or high
  2. cn. Power; the highest government official in Wistanian politics. There are ten powers residing in the ten capital cities that meet together every nine days to make decisions of national importance.

ali [əˈli]

  1. cn. something that is great or exceedingly good.

ama [ˈamə]

  1. cn. a twin
    • When used as a subordinate noun, means "like" or "similar."
jinu va bbiji ama.
jinu va  bbiji ama  na   luz.
sun  COP ball  twin POSS yellow.
"The sun is like a yellow ball."
/"The sun is a ball twin that has yellow."

ami [əˈmi]

  1. cn. friend

ana [ˈanə]

  1. v. to be better than; to exceed
    • STA to be better than; to exceed
    • DUR to become better than; to catch up or match up

anam [əˈnam]

  1. cn. chin

angi [ˈaŋɡi]

  1. mn. a pair of eyes. (Use angi lin to refer to just one eye.)

ani [əˈni]

  1. mn. language, speech
  2. mn. the Wistanian language (colloquial)

anigalilaun [əˈniɡəˌlilɑn]

  1. mn. the Wistanian language (lit. "Peace Language")

anwu [ˈanwu]

  1. cn. buttocks

aram [ˈaɾəm]

  1. cn. dish (refers to both plates and bowls)

aru [əˈrɯ]

  1. cn. wave

aruni [əˈɾɯni]

  1. v. to wake, be alert, not asleep.
    • STA to be awake
    • DUR to wake up
  2. cn. reality, the real world.
    • lu ddal aruni: "You're in the real world."

azabbar [əzəˈpaɾ]

  1. mn. heat lighting
    • not to be confused with ddarun, which refers to lightning in a storm

azavi [əˈzavi]

  1. v. to pick up; to hold
    • STA to hold; to carry
      • When talking about carrying something to a place, a Wistanian would use the construction take.to-DUR ACC place INTR arms/shoulders.
    • DUR to pick up

azidi [əˈzidi]

  1. mn. oil; grease

AA

aa [ˈe]

  1. mn. a sound in the Wistanian alphabet belonging to the vowel group.
  2. part. accusative particle, featured before the direct object of a transitive verb. (ACC)

aayau [ˈejɑ]

  1. cn. sea
  2. cn. ocean (with garauni 'large' as subordinate)

AI

aidun [ˈai̯dɯn]

  1. n. hill, hump

AU

au [ˈɑ]

  1. mn. a sound in the Wistanian alphabet belonging to the vowel group.
  2. cn. the color gray
  3. cn. an old person or thing; an antique

audi [ˈɑdi]

  1. cn. grandfather

augu [ˈɑɡɯ]

  1. cn. something bad or of low quality

augwil [ˈɑɡwil]

  1. mn. vomit

aujyam [ˈɑʒjəm]

  1. cn. grandchild

aula [ˈɑlə]

  1. mn. fat; grissle
  2. v. to be fat; to gain weight
    • STA to be fat
    • DUR to gain weight, become fat

aumi [ˈɑmi]

  1. cn. grandmother

aunaz [ˈɑnəz]

  1. mn. a set of ears (use aunaz lin to refer to just one ear.)

auril [ˈɑɾil]

  1. cn. mouth
  2. cn. spicket; faucet

auv [ˈɑv]

  1. part. during; when
    • This word always begins a temporal clause

auvi [ˈɑvi]

  1. cn. bird

auwina [ˈɑwɪnə]

  1. v. to have (esp. alienably); to possess
    • STA to own; to be an owner of
    • DUR to buy; to obtain

auyi [ˈɑji] / [ɑˈji]

  1. interj. hello, greetings
    • Stress can land on either syllable depending on the dialect of the speaker.

auzdda [ˈɑztə]

  1. cn. head
  2. cn. top (of something)
  3. cn. peak (of a mountain)

auzi [ˈɑzi]

  1. pro. he; she; animate third singular nominative (3Sa.NOM); animate third singular accusative (3Sa.ACC)
    • used for living people and most domesticated animals (including cattle)

auzin [ˈɑzɪn]

  1. pro. they; them; animate third plural nominative (3Pa.NOM); animate third plural accusative (3Pa.ACC)
    • used for living people and most domesticated animals (including cattle)

auzna [ˈɑznə]

  1. cn. black

B

bani [ˈbani]

  1. v. to make, to form
    • STA being a maker
    • DUR to mak; to form

bari [ˈbaɾi]

  1. v. to lose, to fail
    • STA being a failure/loser; to have the status of being a failure or loser
    • DUR to fail; to lose

baujazaa [bɑʒəˈze]

  1. cn. culture; way of living; traditions

baul [ˈbɑl]

  1. cn. stone; rock

baun [ˈbɑn]

  1. part. no
  2. prefix indicates negativity (NEG)
    • in consonant-intial roots, baun- drops /n/ and becomes bau-.

bauvindi [bɑˈvindi]

  1. cn. opponent
    • A contraction of baun (no) and vindi (partner)

bayuz [ˈbajɯz]

  1. mn. sickness, illness

bayuza [ˈbajɯzə]

  1. v. to be sick, to show signs of sickness
    • STA to be sick
    • DUR to become sick

bi [ˈbi]

  1. n. goodness; something of high-quality

bima [ˈbimə]

  1. v. to fall; to descend; to go downward
    • STA to be fallen; having fell
    • DUR to fall

bini [ˈbini]

  1. cn. penis

bu [ˈbɯ]

  1. v. to stand
    • STA to stand
    • DUR to stand up

bud [ˈbɯd]

  1. cn. leg
    • this word can be used to mean either one legs or both legs.

BB

bba [ˈpa]

  1. cn. trash; a worthless item or idea

bbaana [ˈpenə]

  1. v. to twist or screw
    • STA to be twisted into something; to be broken as result of twisting; to be turned
    • DUR to twist

bbaggujila [pəˈkɯʒilə]

  1. v. to form; to make from clay or rock
    • STA to be a former or maker
    • DUR to form or make

bbal [ˈpal]

  1. part. but; contrasting coordinative particle (CCO)

bbaulu [ˈpɑlɯ]

  1. v. grow
    • STA being grown
    • DUR growing

bbauri [ˈpɑɾi]

  1. cn. taunt; threat
  2. v. to taunt; to threaten
    • STA to be one who taunts or threatens
    • DUR to taunt or threaten

bbinai [pɪˈnai̯]

  1. cn. corpse; dead body

bbiraru [pɪˈɾaɾɯ]

  1. v. to close; to block
    • STA to be closed or blocked
    • DUR to close or block

D

daam [ˈdem]

  1. mn. time period; era; phase
  2. mn. year

daara [ˈdeɾə]

  1. cn. a letter in the Wistanian alphabet that represents /d/.

daaya [ˈdejə]

  1. part. should; deontic mood marker.
    • denotes an action that should happen, whether by obligation or logical progression. It's like a stronger hypothetical particle. The verb head of a deontic particle is always conjugated for the irrealis mood.

daddi [ˈdati]

  1. cn. beard

daihag [ˈdai̯ɦə̤ɡ]

  1. mn. flesh

daji [ˈdaʒi]

  1. cn. cave
  2. v. to hide, esp. oneself
    • STA to be hidden
    • DUR to hide (oneself)

dami

  1. cn. a traditional Wistanian garb composed of a center waist belt, shoulder straps, and a long skirt

damun [dəˈmɯn]

  1. cn. something different; the other one

danaru [ˈdanəˌɾɯ]

  1. cn. an itch
  2. cn. an annoying person or situation

daran [ˈdaɾən]

  1. cn. older brother
  2. cn. older male cousin

darauna [dəˈɾɑnə]

  1. v. to control
    • STA to be in control
    • DUR to take control

dari [dəˈɾi]

  1. cn. boy; male child

daridd [dəˈɾit]

  1. mn. rain

davagg [dəˈvak]

  1. cn. object, thing
  2. cn. (in grammar) noun

daz [ˈdaz]

  1. cn. man

dazji [ˈdazʒi]

  1. v. to give; to offer
    • STA to be charitable
    • DUR to give; to offer

dibb [ˈdip]

  1. cn. sadness

din [ˈdin]

  1. mn. three
  2. cn. middle finger

dindi [dɪnˈdi]

  1. cn. tooth

diri [ˈdiɾi]

  1. part. because of; due to; causative particle
    • marks the reason for which something is done involitionally
  2. cn. reason; cause

diyan [ˈdijən]

  1. mn. juice

divu [ˈdivɯ]

  1. cn. tree

dul [ˈdɯl]

  1. cn. body
  2. cn. the entirety of a object or subject

dula [ˈdɯlə]

  1. v. to put on (esp. clothes)
    • STA to wear
    • DUR to put on
  2. v. to prepare, get ready
    • STA to be prepared, to be ready
    • DUR to get prepared/ready

duvij [ˈdɯviʒ]

  1. cn. hole (esp. in the ground or one with a bottom)
    • distinct from yaadd, which refers to holes without bottoms or that can be seen through

DD

ddaimal [ˈtai̯mɑl]

  1. cn. tongue

ddal [ˈtal]

  1. part. where; locative copulative/relative particle
    • indicated the location of the head

ddaliv [təˈliv]

  1. mn. one of the main Wistanian people groups, concentrated in the center mountain range
  2. mn. the language from which Wistanian was mostly derived

ddanal [ˈtanəl]

  1. cn. area; region; location
    • the locative particle and inessive suffix, ddal, is derived from this word.

ddarun [təˈrɯn]

  1. cn. lighting; thunder (esp. in a storm)
    • not to be confused with azabbar, which refers to heat lightning

ddiglu [ˈtiɡlɯ]

  1. cn. plant (includes flowers, grasses, bushes and trees)

ddina [ˈtinə]

  1. cn. lake; sea; any large body of water surrounded by land

ddiyari [ˈtijəɾi]

  1. mn. the truth

dduba [ˈtɯbə]

  1. cn. spit
  2. v. to spit
    • STA to have a dry mouth after spitting
    • DUR to spit

ddudiya [ˈtɯdijə]

  1. cn. rock

G

gaara [ˈɡeɾə]

  1. n. a letter in the Wistanian alphabet that represents /g/.

gabba [ˈɡapə]

  1. v. to yawn
    • this verb only appears in the atelic.

gabud [ɡəˈbɯd]

  1. n. idea, thing

gadil [ɡəˈdil]

  1. n. forest

gai [ˈɡai̯]

  1. n. arm

galibu [ˈɡalɪbɯ]

  1. v. to surround, to encircle
  2. STA being in a circle around; surrounding
  3. DUR circling around; being in the process of surrounding
  4. ATEL doing something in circles
  5. TEL surrounding
    • The stative, durative, and telic forms of this verb imply a large number or quantity of things are preforming the action. The atelic form assumes only one or a few of a thing, inadequate to truly surround the patient.

galil [ɡəˈlil]

  1. n. calm

galilaun [ɡəˈlilɑn]

  1. n. peace (lit. "the idea of calm")

galnad [ˈɡalnəd]

  1. n. wood; firewood

galu [ɡəˈlɯ]

  1. n. light
  2. n. (as a subordinator) brightness

ganari [ɡəˈnaɾi]

  1. n. vagina

garamaug [ˈɡarəˌmɑɡ]

  1. n. a strong dog-like creature, often tamed by the Wistanians to carry large loads.

garauda [ɡəˈɾɑdə]

  1. n. food

garauvi [ɡəˈɾɑvi]

  1. n. water
  2. n. liquid
  3. n. a risky situation
  4. mod. prone to change often; untrustworthy

gari [ˈɡaɾi]

  1. v. to work; to think
    • STA being in work; being in thought
    • This verb, always in the stative, uses to context to distinguish between working on something externally and working on something internally (thinking).

gaudu [ˈɡɑdɯ]

  1. n. elbow

gauga [ˈɡɑɡə]

  1. n. river

gaujani [ˈɡɑʒəni]

  1. n. animal

gaulaz [ˈɡɑləz]

  1. n. cup

gauna [ˈɡɑnə]

  1. v. to drink
    • STA being one who has drunk
    • DUR being in the process of drinking
    • ATEL putting in mouth and spitting out
    • TEL drinking

gaunda [ˈɡɑndə]

  1. n. shoulder
  2. v. to carry over shoulder
    • ATEL holding over the shoulder (does not include destination)
    • TEL transporting something over the shoulder (includes destination)

gaunu [ˈɡɑnɯ]

  1. n. fish

gaunvi [ˈɡɑnvi]

  1. v. to believe
    • STA being religious, opinionated
    • DUR becoming convinced

gaurad [ˈɡɑɾəd]

  1. mod. short; low

gi [ˈɡi]

  1. n. the past
    • 'auv gi: "during the past"; "earlier"

gilad [ˈɡiləd]

  1. n. salt

gin [ˈɡin]

  1. n. road
    • Many Wistanian roads are named with a ⟨-gin⟩ suffix.

gizima [ˈɡizɪmə]

  1. v. to give up, surrender
    • STA being one who has surrendered
    • DUR being in the process of surrendering
    • TEL surrendering

guddi [ˈɡɯti]

  1. n. hammer

gumu [ˈɡɯmɯ]

  1. v. to cook, esp. from scratch
    • STA being cooked
    • DUR being in the process of cooking
    • TEL cooking

GG

ggaddabbu' [kəˈtapɯ]

  1. n. a Wistanian people group that reside in the northeast corner of the Wistanian island.

ggarani [kəˈrani]

  1. mod. large, grand

ggarimalun [kəɾɪməˈlɯn]

  1. n. a large island

ggauda [ˈkɑdə]

  1. v. to create
    • STA having been created
    • DUR being in the process of creating
    • ATEL to put together halfway or unwell
    • TEL creating

ggaug [ˈkɑɡ]

  1. n. skull; cranium

ggaujaa [ˈkɑʒe]

  1. mod. together

ggaulav [ˈkɑləv]

  1. n. sweat, perpiration
    • ggauda ggaulav: to sweat (lit. "make sweat")

ggaun [ˈkɑn]

  1. part. for; benefactive objective particle BEN
    • Marks the reason for which something is done volitionally.

ggazirum [kəzɪˈɾɯm]

  1. n. way of life; culture

ggiv [ˈkiv]

  1. n. vessel; container

gguji [ˈkɯʒi]

  1. n. stick

H

ha [ˈɣa̤]

  1. n. the present moment
    • auv ha: now

haaggu [ˈɣe̤kɯ]

  1. n. insult
  2. v. to insult, make fun of
    • STA being insulted
    • DUR saying an insult (in progress)
    • ATEL hurling insults, consistently making fun
    • TEL insulting

haayi [ˈɣe̤ji]

  1. n. air
  2. n. (when used with possessive) breath
  3. v. to breathe
    • STA being breathing; being alive
    • DUR breathing in or out; inhaling or exhaling
      • haaya dulwi: breathing in; inhaling (lit. breathing into the body)
      • haaya duligza: breathing out; exhaling (lit. breathing away from the body)
    • ATEL breathing
    • TEL sighing

haayiluvi [ˈɣe̤jɪˌlɯvi]

  1. n. fog
    • contraction of haayi (air) + luvi (cloud)

hadan [ˈɣa̤dən]

  1. mod. sure; surely

hadu [ɣa̤dɯ]

  1. v. to know; to learn; to figure out; to recall/remember
    • STA knowing
    • DUR learning
    • ATEL remembering; recalling
    • TEL finding out

hanad [ˈɣa̤nəd]

  1. n. pot; pan; any type of cooking vessel

hi ['ɣi̤]

  1. v. to be; to exist; to become; to go
    • STA existing
      • hiya vanid: There is a tower (lit. a tower exists)
    • DUR becoming; going

hil [ˈɣi̤l]

  1. n. a letter in the Wistanian alphabet which represents the /ɦ/ sound and its allophones.

hili [ˈɣi̤li]

  1. n. an unborn child; fetus
    • Colloquially used for someone who is feeling very comfortable or warm.

hina [ˈɣinə]

  1. n. west
  2. n. left
  3. v. to set, esp. the sun
    • STA having been set
      • hiniya jinu: It is night-time; the sun has set
    • DUR setting

hu [ˈɣɯ̤]

  1. n. dust

humbi [ˈɣɯ̤mbi]

  1. n. all time; forever
    • auv humbi: always; all the time

huz [ˈɣɯ̤z]

  1. n. place or area, esp. one with a designated purpose
    • huz viga: eating place

I

i [ˈi]

  1. n. A letter in the Wistanian alphabet belonging to the vowel group that represents /i/ and its allophones.
  2. mod. tiny, miniscule
  3. part. or, alternative coordinating conjunction (ALTCO)
    • featured before each item in a list of options. E.g., i dari i lari (*or boy or girl)

ibiz [ɪˈbiz]

  1. part. a modal particle that denotes an action or state might happen.

id [ˈid]

  1. mod. this; PROX
  2. n. this; here

idda [ˈitə]

  1. n. land; property

ihili [ɪˈɦi̤li]

  1. v. to be joyful; to cheer up; to laugh
    • STA to be joyful
    • DUR to cheer up
    • ATEL to laugh

ija [ˈiʒə]

  1. v. to urinate; to pee
    • This verb is only present in an atelic form.

iju [ˈiʒɯ]

  1. n. mud

il [ˈil]

  1. part. an object particle to denote the tools with which an action is done. INSTR
  2. part. an object particle which marks the theme of the verbs "give" and "send".

ila [ˈilə]

  1. v. to shine
    • STA to be shining
    • DUR to become bright
    • TEL to brighten

ilam [ˈiləm]

  1. mod. young
    • primarily modifies adult people/animals and objects.

ilau [ˈilɑ]

  1. n. child (esp. 2-9 years of age)
    • ilau ilam (young child) is not grammatical. A proper translation is ilau min.

ilavija [ˈiləˌviʒə]

  1. v. to be by oneself; to escape or leave a crowd
    • STA be alone, by one's self
    • DUR becoming alone; leaving a group
    • TEL to leave another person to be alone.
    • ATEL to attempt to leave a crowd and be alone

ildi [ˈildi]

  1. mod. deaf
  2. v. to be deaf
    • STA being deaf

ilduwad [ˈildɯβʷəd]

  1. n. possession(s); that which one has.
    • always used with a possessive
 ja yau ilduwad va zi.
 ja  -a    yau    ilduwad    va  zi
 want-ATEL 1S.NOM possession COP 3S.POSS
 "I want what he has." / "I want his possessions."

iliz [ɪˈliz]

  1. mod. light (i.e., not heavy)

ilu [ˈilɯ]

  1. v. to see; to look
    • STA to see
    • DUR to look on; to watch
    • ATEL to look at

im [ˈim]

  1. n. a letter in the Wistanian alphabet that represents /m/.

imalun [ɪməˈlɯn]

  1. n. a small island

imaun [ɪˈmɑn]

  1. n. an uncle or aunt by marriage

imi [ˈimi]

  1. n. fire; flames
  2. v. to light; to set on fire; to ignite
    • STA to be on fire
    • DUR to be burned
    • TEL to burn (in an amount of time)
    • ATEL to burn (for an amount of time)

in [ˈin]

  1. n. a letter in the Wistanian alphabet that represents /n/.

inam [ɪˈnam]

  1. mod. true; real; existing

inara [ɪˈnaɾə]

  1. v. to trip; to stumble
    • STA to be on the floor from a trip/stumble
    • DUR to be in the process of tripping
    • TEL to trip
    • ATEL to mess up; make mistakes; stumble

inja [ˈinʒə]

  1. v. to search for; to find
    • STA to be a searcher
    • STA to be in process of searching for something
    • TEL to find
    • ATEL to search for
 inja dari aa garauda.
 inja      -a    dari aa  garauda.
 search.for-ATEL boy  ACC food.
 "The boy(s) searched for food.

iriya [ˈiɾijə]

  1. n. love; affection
    • "to love" is often phrased as dazji il iriya.
 dazjiya yau liv il iriya.
 dazji-iya yau    liv    il    iriya.
 give -STA 1S.NOM 2S.ACC INSTR love.
 "I love you" (Lit. "I give you with love.")

iv [ˈiv]

  1. hon. an honorific applied to one's mother or aunt by blood.

ivaun [ɪˈvɑn]

  1. n. lock

ivi [ˈivi]

  1. hon. an honorific applied to one's grandmother.

idau [ˈidɑ]

  1. mod. that over there; DIST
  2. n. that thing or place over there

idi [ˈidi]

  1. mod that; MED
  2. n. that thing or place

iyini [ˈijɪni]

  1. v. to finish; to end
    • STA to be finished
    • DUR to be in the process of finishing
    • TEL to end
    • ATEL to close or shut down

iz [ˈiz]

  1. hon. an honorif applied to an adult inferior

izab [ˈizəb]

  1. n. back (of a person, animal, or object)

izayaagga [ɪzəˈjekə]

  1. n. battle
    • n. pl. (izayaaggan) war

J

juna [ˈʒɯnə]

  1. v. to dig or bury
    • STA being buried
    • DUR digging
    • ATEL digging
    • TEL burying

L

lauvu [ˈlɑvɯ]

  1. mod. tired, weary, esp. after hard work or strain

M

maliya [məˈlijə]

  1. n. mountain

N

nara [ˈnaɾə]

  1. mass n. star, stars
    • when referring to the mass of stars in the sky, ⟨r⟩ is usually a trilled /r/.

R

Note: Word-initial ⟨r⟩ can be pronounced as either [r], [ɾ], or [d] depending on context. For the purpose of this dictionary, all pronunciations will begin with [r].

ravu [rəˈvɯ]

  1. mod. fast, quick, quickly

U

ujadi [ɯˈʒadi]

  1. n. house

V

vi [ˈvi]

  1. pro. it, inanimate third person, singular, nominative pronoun (3Si.NOM)
  2. pro. its, inanimate third person, singular, possessive pronoun (3Si.POSS)
  3. mod. all, every

W

waaza [ˈβʷezə]

  1. mod. important, valuable

waugi [ˈβʷɑɡi]

  1. n. shade, shadow

Y

yum [ˈjɯm]

  1. n. the present moment
    • auv yum: now (during the present moment)

Z

zadungarauvi [zəˈdɯnɡəˌɾɑvi]

  1. n. shore (lit. "water line")
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