Řeuŋnie
Ouřefr /ˈəʊr̝ɛfə/ (Ouřefrnie cijtnŕ /əʊr̝ɛfəɲeː tsijʔtnɐː/) is an Idavic language belonging to the Nabŋaic branch. It is inspired by Czech, Dutch, Cantonese, Maltese and Japanese (but mainly by the first two). It is the second most widely spoken Nabŋaic language after Nabbrzé, which is the Mandarin/Russian counterpart.
Unlike Nabbrzé, Ouřefr has more loans from the clasiscal language Netagin, a fellow Idavic language.
todo
Diachronics
- OSL
- Czech-like depalatalization and hard/soft vowel splits
- Palatalization-dependent GVS, then another depalatalization?
- Old Ouřefr ć dź ś ź merge into c dz s z
- n- > l- (unless assimilating)
- -ui- /-œː/ = a common nominal affix
Test
Woeŋanies uistřibt melouk lo vahrádyvijŋ, ar mezryz woþmyce bacirňr řeunie aš ŋávej těmzánisie. Evloedr wie doezanejne hář, po ryhoteuŋ.
Phonology
"Czech with more vowels and simpler phonotactics" or "Play up the Dutch in Czech"
Consonants
p b t d ť ď c dz k g f þ s ch w v z gh m n ň ŋ l r ř j /p b t d c ɟ ts dz k g f θ s̠ x w v z̠ ɣ h m n ɲ ŋ l~ɫ r r̝ j/
m n ŋ can be syllabic; they're written ḿ ń ŋ́.
Voiceless stops are unaspirated as in Dutch and Czech.
Obstruent voicing assimilation as in Slavic.
Glottal reinforcement, but no gemination
/l/ has the same l~ɫ allophony as in RP; vocalization of dark L possible
Realizing /c ɟ ɳ/ as [tʲ dʲ nʲ] is a feature of sung Ouřefr.
Notes on consonant diachronics
Like Nabbrzé, Ouřefr shows debuccalization of Proto-Nabŋaic *g to gh /ɣ/ similar to Dutch and Czech.
Proto-Nabŋaic *ɬ has shifted to þ /θ~ð/.
Proto-Nabŋaic *b has shifted to v while it stayed as /b/ in Nabbrzé. /p b/ are loan phonemes.
Proto-Nabŋic *ť ď has shifted to c dz.
Vowels
Ouřefr vowel orthography is more conservative, and reflects a shift similar to the Great Vowel Shift (cf. Common Czech and Dutch).
a e/ě i/y o u á é í/ý ó ú eu/ui ie oe ou ŕ /ɐ ɛ ɪ ɔ ɵ aː ɛː ɛɪ~ɪj ɔː yː œː ɪː oː~uː əʊ~əʏ ɜː/
Closer allophones [ɪj~eɪ] of /ɛɪ/ are more common after palatals /c ɟ ɲ r̝/.
- ě i ie í eu are palatalizing; all other orthographic vowels are nonpalatalizing.
- For C = b p v f, Cě Ceu Cí denote /Cjɛ Cjœː Cjɛɪ/; mě meu mij denotes /mɲɛ mɲœː mɲɛɪ/.
- For C = d t n, Cě Ci Cie Cí Ceu denote /ɟ c ɲ/ + vowel.
- ó mostly occurs in loanwords from Netagin.
Notes on vowel diachronics
Ouřefr has lost Proto-Nabŋaic vowel length. Pre-Proto-Nabŋaic i u e a ī ū ē ā has become e o e a i y ě o when not lengthened; Unlike in Nabbrzé, some vowel devoicing has occurred (cf. Japanese), which gave Ouřefr more consonant clusters.
Long vowels result from open-syllable lengthening (OSL): **čettijn > *četijn; **četijn > *čétijn. OSL occurred before the devoicing, making the Ourefr distribution of long vowels somewhat similar to Czech.
Modern ie ý/í oe ú result from older 'ää ý/í ó ú. Old Ouřefr u, ú has shifted to i, ij after soft consonants j č ž š ň *ľ ř.
Palatalizing eu /œː/ is common in native words. Common sources are:
- Old Ouřefr /æː/ before velars or /l/: for example, řeuŋ /r̝œːŋ/ 'wind' comes from Old Ouřefr řa̋ŋ < PNab *rěŋu < PId *rēŋu.
- Old Ouřefr long /juː/, coming from PId /ew/ or /iw/.
Non-palatalizing ui /œː/ comes mostly from historical *ujV or loanwords.
Most speakers today are in the process of merging /ɜː/ into á /aː/.
As suggested by the spelling, r /ɜː/ comes from syllabic r; they are cognate to Nabbrzé -arz/-árz.
Pitch accent
Long vowels take two morae; downstep as in Japanese
- bác (baàc) /baꜜ.ats/ 'basil'
- bác (bàac) /ba.atsꜜ/ 'feather'
- bác (baac) /ba.ats/ 'stump'
Accent is not distinguished in the native orthography except in dictionaries; hence all three words above will be transliterated bác, unless disambiguation is needed.
Historically hard-soft vowel pairs
- hard y ~ soft i
- hard u ~ soft i
- hard a ~ soft ě
- hard ý ~ soft í
- hard á ~ soft ie/eu
- hard ou ~ soft eu
- hard ui ~ soft eu
- hard oe ~ soft ie
- hard ú ~ soft í
Long vowels result from OSL ćettijn > cetijn; ćetijn > cétijn
Morphology
Inflectional morphology is Slavic and Germanic-inspired; clitics and syntax are Japanese-inspired
Nouns
Verbs and adjectives
mej- for negation