User:Tardigrade
Tardigrades (Latfuts) are microscopic, water-dwelling, segmented animals. At some point in history, they learned to speak Gothic.
Veithois
| Latin | Insular Proto-Romance |
Insular Romance | Veithois | example | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| transcription | IPA | orthography | IPA | ||||||||
| ī | /i/ | i | /i/ | i | /i/ | vid | /vid/ | ||||
| i | /ɪ/ | ẹ | /e/ | è | ei | /ɛ/ | /ei̯/ | sec | peil | /sɛk/ | /pei̯l/ |
| ē | /e/ | ment | cein | /mɛnt/ | /t͡ʃei̯n/ | ||||||
| oe | ester | feid | /ɛstər/ | /fei̯d/ | |||||||
| e | /ɛ/ | ę | /ɛ/ | é | /e/ | ter | pedh | /tɛr/ | /peð/ | ||
| ae | estod | cel | /ɛˈstod/ | /t͡ʃel/ | |||||||
| a | /a/ | a | /a/ | a | /a/ | can | /kan/ | ||||
| ā | /ɑ/ | ǫ | /ɔ/ | ò | ó | /ɔ/ | /o/ | nos | /noz/ | ||
| o | /ɔ/ | sot | cor | /sɔt/ | /kor/ | ||||||
| ō | /o/ | ọ | /o/ | ou | eu | /u/ | /e/ | mount | fleur | /munt/ | /fler/ |
| u | /ʊ/ | gout | gheul | /gut/ | /gel/ | ||||||
| ū | /u/ | u | /u/ | u | /i/ | mur | /mir/ | ||||
| au | /au/ | au | /au/ | au | /ai/ | caudh | /kaið/ | ||||
Gothic vowel changes
| Gothic | Initial | Medial | Final | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /_r/ | /_r/ | /_l/ | /_p, b, f, m/ | /_w/ | /_other/ | /_one consonant/ | /_cluster/ | absolutely final | |||||||||||
| one consonant | cluster | /_r/ | /_l/ | /_n/ | /_p, b, f, m/ | /_w/ | /_j/ | /_other/ | |||||||||||
| i, aí | i | e | e | i | e | e | iu | i | e | ʲ | |||||||||
| a | a | u | y | u | u | o | u | Ø | |||||||||||
| u, aú | u | o | |||||||||||||||||
| ē, ei | i | i | e | i | e | e | |||||||||||||
| ái, aíh | ia | ||||||||||||||||||
| ā | a | u | y | u | a | ||||||||||||||
| áu, aúh | o | ||||||||||||||||||
| ō, ū | u | ||||||||||||||||||
adjectives
| Case | indefinite | definite | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | |||||||||
| masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | |
| Nominative | blínd | blénd | bléndas | blénd | blénds | blénd | blénda | bléndas | bléndon | bléndos | ||
| Genitive | blínds | blénds | blíndse | bléndsa | blíndes | bléndos | blíndne | bléndna | ||||
| Dative | bléndum | blénde | bléndę | bléndę | bléndą | bléndą | ||||||
adj
| Case | attributive | predicative | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | |||||||||
| masc./neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | ||
| indefinite | definite | |||||||||||
| Direct | blínd | blénd | blénd | blénd | blénda | bléndas | bléndon | bléndos | ||||
| Genitive | blínd | blénd | blínd | blénd | blíndes | bléndos | blíndse | bléndsa | ||||
| Dative | blénd | blénd | bléndę | bléndą | bléndą | |||||||
| Case | attributive | predicative | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | |||||||||
| masc./neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | ||
| indefinite | definite | |||||||||||
| Direct | frús | frós | frós | frós | frósa | frósas | fróson | frósos | ||||
| Genitive | frús | frós | frús | frós | frúses | frósos | frúsne | frósna | ||||
| Dative | frós | frós | frósę | frósą | frósą | |||||||
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | /m/ ⟨m⟩ | /n/ ⟨n⟩ | /ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩ [1] | /ɴ/ ⟨ng⟩ | ||
| Plosive | /p/ ⟨p⟩ | /t/ ⟨t⟩ | /k/ ⟨k⟩ [1] | /q/ ⟨k⟩ | ||
| Affricate | /ʦ/ ⟨t⟩ [1] | |||||
| Fricative | /f/ ⟨f⟩ | /v/ ⟨v⟩ | /s/ ⟨s⟩ | /ʃ/ ⟨s⟩ [1] | /ɣ/ ⟨g⟩ [1] | /ʁ/ ⟨g⟩ |
| Lateral | /l~ɬ/ ⟨l⟩ [2] | |||||
| Tap | /ɾ/ ⟨r⟩ | |||||
| Semivowel | /j/ ⟨j⟩ | |||||
Everish
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| Everish | |
|---|---|
| Eveireg | |
| Pronunciation | [eˈvei̯ɾeɡ] |
| Created by | Tardigrade |
| Native to | Spain, Portugal |
Early form | |
Everish Eveireg /eˈvei̯ɾeɡ/ is a a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in parts of Galicia and Asturias.
Phonology and Orthography
Everish Consonants
The consonant inventory for Everish is as follows:
| Labial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ɲ ⟨ñ⟩ | ŋ ⟨ng~ngu⟩ | ||
| Plosive | voiceless | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩ | k ⟨c, qu⟩ | |
| voiced | b~β ⟨b⟩ | d~ð ⟨d⟩ | d͡ʒ~ʒ ⟨g~j⟩ | ɡ~ɣ ⟨g~gu⟩ | ||
| Plosive | voiceless | |||||
| voiced | ||||||
| ! rowspan=2 | Fricative !! voiced | v ⟨v⟩ |- | ! voiceless | f ⟨f⟩ | θ ⟨z⟩ | ʃ ⟨x⟩ | x ⟨h⟩ |- |}
| |- | rowspan=2 | b~β ⟨b⟩ | rowspan=2 | d~ð ⟨d⟩ | rowspan=2 | d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩ | rowspan=2 | ɡ~ɣ ⟨g, gu⟩ |- ! rowspan=2 | Spirant |- | | s ⟨s⟩ | ʃ ⟨x⟩ | | h ⟨j⟩ |- ! Lateral | | l ⟨l⟩ | ʎ ⟨ll⟩ || || |- ! Rhotic | || r ⟨rr⟩ || || || |- |}
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
| Plosive | p b | t̪ d̪ | k g | |||||
| Fricative | f v | θ ð | s | ʃ | x | h | ||
| Affricate | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | |||||||
| Approximant | ʍ w | j | ||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||
| Flap or tap | ɾ | |||||||
| Lateral app. | l | ɫ |
Vowels & Diphthongs
Everish can be described as having two groups of vowel sounds:
- the open vowels, which arose from historically short vowels
- the close vowels, which arose from historically long vowels
- the diphthongs
The open and close vowels are represented by the following inventory:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | iː | ʉ(ː) | u(ː) |
| Near-close | ɪ | ʊ | |
| Close-mid | eː | oː | |
| Mid | ə | ||
| Open-mid | ɛ | ʌ ɔ(ː) | |
| Near-open | |||
| Open | a(ː) |
All of Everish's true diphthongs are falling and consist of a vowel + either /i̯/ or /u̯/.
| + i̯ | + u̯ | |
|---|---|---|
| Near-close | ɪu̯ | |
| Mid | əi̯ | |
| Open-mid | ɛi̯ ɔi̯ | ɛu̯ ɔu̯ |
| Open | au̯ |
Sound Changes
Consonant Mutations
As with all modern Celtic languages, Everish makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Everish has three main mutations: lenis (meyel), spirant (cravel) and nasal (truinel).
The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table.
| Radical | Nasal | Lenis | Spirant |
|---|---|---|---|
| p /p/ | b /b/ | f /f/ | |
| t /t/ | d /d/ | z /θ/ | |
| c /k/ | g /g/ | h /x/ | |
| ch /t͡ʃ/ | dj /d͡ʒ/ | x /ʃ/ | |
| b /b/ | m /m/ | v /v/ | |
| d /d/ | n /n/ | ∅ | |
| g /ɡ/ | ng /ŋ/ | ∅ | |
| gu /ɡw/ | ng /ŋw/ | v /v/ | |
| dj /d͡ʒ/ | ñ /ɲ/ | y /j/ | |
| y /j/ | ñ /ɲ/ | ||
| ll /ʎ/ | l /l/ | ||
| m /m/ | v /ṽ/ | ||
| ñ /ɲ/ | n /n/ | ||
| rr /r/ | r /ɾ/ | ||
Lenited g becomes v before words in go-, gu-, e.g. gou "smith" → i vou "his smith", gur "man, husband" → i vur "his husband".
Examples:
- Lenition: i beñ "his head", di dad "your dad", i dji "his dog", a vanon "the lady", do Varselen "to Barcelona".
- Spirantisation: i feñ "her head", tri zad "three dads", ter haz "three cats".
- Nasalisation: no manon "nine ladies", i Marselen "in Barcelona", mi garrer "my road"
List
Bandal
| Bandal | Maltese | Siculo-Arabic (in Sicilian) |
Arabic text | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| bebbuxu | bebbuxu | babbaluciu | Lua error: Parameter "rtl" is not used by this template.. (babbūš) |
snail |
| gebbu | ġiebja | gebbia | Lua error: Parameter "rtl" is not used by this template.. (jabb) | cistern |
| giunglena | ġunġlien | giuggiulena | Lua error: Parameter "rtl" is not used by this template.. (junjulān) | sesame seed |
| seghija | sieqja | saia | Lua error: Parameter "rtl" is not used by this template.. (sāqiyah) | canal |
| tennuru | kenur | tannura | Lua error: Parameter "rtl" is not used by this template.. (tannūr) | oven |
| zafranu | żagħfran | zaffarana | Lua error: Parameter "rtl" is not used by this template.. (zaʿfarān) | saffron |
| zara | żahra (less common than fjura, borrowed from Medieval Sicilian) | zagara | Lua error: Parameter "rtl" is not used by this template.. (zahrah) | blossom |
| sbiba | żbib | zibbibbu | Lua error: Parameter "rtl" is not used by this template.. (zabīb) | raisins |
| segu | zokk (may be borrowed from Sicilian) | zuccu | Lua error: Parameter "rtl" is not used by this template.. (sāq) | tree trunk |
| tebutu | tebut | tabbutu | Lua error: Parameter "rtl" is not used by this template.. (tābūt) | coffin |
| Maltese | Berber languages | English | |
|---|---|---|---|
| grinxula | gremxula | azrem ašal, lit. 'land worm', (Kabyle) | lizard |
| ficruna | fekruna | tifakrunin (Jerbi), ifekran (Tashelhiyt), ifkran (Kabyle) | turtle |
| geddu | geddum | aqadum, lit. 'face, frown' (Kabyle) | chin |
| gendu | gendus | gandūz, lit. 'young calf' (Jerbi) | ox, bull |
| gerżuma | ageržum (Mozabite, Tashelhiyt) | throat | |
| tfief | tilfaf (Ouargli), tifāf, tilfāf, tiffāf (Tarifit) | sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus) | |
| tengħud | talaɣūda (Tunisian Arabic), telɣūda (Algerian Arabic) | spurge (Euphorbia) | |
| kosksu | kuskesu, kuskus (Kabyle) | couscous, small round pasta | |
| fart | fartas | aferḍas (Ouargli, Kabyle) | bald |
| għaffeġ | ‘affež (Algerian Arabic), effeẓ (Ouargli, Mozabite) | to crush, to squash | |
| żrinġ | tažrant (Jerbi) | frog | |
| izrar | żrar | zrar (Mozabite, Ouargli), azrar (Kabyle, Nafusi) | gravel |
| werżieq | wárẓag (Mrazig) | cicada, lit. screamer, shrieker | |
| buqexrem | buqišrem (Kabyle) | vervain (Verbena officinalis) | |
| fidloqqom | fudalɣem (Kabyle) | borage (Borago officinalis) | |
| zor | żorr | uzur (Kabyle), uzzur (Tarifit) | rude, arrogant |
| leddixer | lellex | lelleš (Mozabite) | to shine, to glitter |
| besber | pespes | bbesbes (Ouargli) | to whisper |
| tefter | teptep | ṭṭebṭeb (Ouargli) | to blink, to twinkle |
| bibber | webbel | webben (Mozabite) | to induce, to tempt |