Toki Ike
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Historical phonology
s, ł > h
z > 0
l > ɭ
λ > l
ƛ/c ƛ'/c' > c c'
k kw > k, q qw > q
sp > p'
Consonant assimilations similar to Pali
mb nd ng > mm nn ŋŋ
h > ŋ
b d, etc > p' t' etc.
t > T then c > t
Finnishy subfamily
ay > ää
ey > ee
ew, oi > öö
iw, uy > üü
aw > åå
ow > oo
Numbers
kēm, rtingōr, nakkʼ, laupʼ, tarling, rtʼām, rōrtʼ, loyrtʼ, pʼakkʼ, qʼeyōr (?)
Phonology
Consonants
Perhaps most strikingly, most Kammalic languages have simple syllables and are devoid of fricatives or aspirates. The following is the consonant inventory of Proto-Kammalic:
Labial | Dental | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | rn /ɲ/ | ng /ŋ~ɴ/ | |||
Plosive | plain | p /p~b/ | t /t~d/ | rt /ʈ~ɖ/ | k /k~g/ | q /q~ɢ/ | |
ejective | pʼ /pʼ/ | tʼ /tʼ/ | rtʼ /ʈʼ/ | kʼ /kʼ/ | qʼ /qʼ/ | ||
Trill | r /r/ | ||||||
Approximant | w /w/ | l /l/ | rl /ɭ/ | y /j/ |
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | short | long | |
Close | i /i/ | ī /iː/ | u /u/ | ū /uː/ | ||
Close-mid | e /e~ə/ | ē /eː/ | o /o/ | ō /oː/ | ||
Open | a /a/ | ā /aː/ |
a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū ay aw ey ew iw oy ow uy ia ua āy āw ēy ēw īw ōy ōw ūy īa ūa
Composition
- Proto-Kammalic
- Geminates > ejectives
- Dholuomite: cemæ, tɪŋor, n̪æcè, læwpè, t̪æɹɪŋ, t̪ɑ̀mæ, rotè, lɑjtè, pæ̀cè, kæ̀jor
- Khmerization? Ejective shifting?
- p p' > b p, generic south american gib
- Pseudo-Quechua
- Salish/Spittem parody
- Pseudo-Arabic
- Pseudo-Somali
- Both geminates and ejectives
- Finno-Bantu
- Primitive Terg pseudo-gib
- Hmooby-Doo
- Ejectives > geminates
- Estonian parody
- Hyper-minlang
- Pseudo-Inuit
- Pseudo-Tamil
- Slavic-esque Grimmalic: zamja, żŋur, ńaca, ľuba, ďanzeŋ, tomja, rudża, ledża, pjaca, ćijur
- Talsmic-esque
- Kammalic^2
- Geminates > ejectives
- a e i o u w ä ö ü aa ee ii oo uu ww ää öö üü ai aü au aw ia üa ua wa
- m hm n hn l hl r hr p ph np nph t th nt nth tr thr ntr nthr k kh nk nkh q qh nq nqh f nf y ny
- l can occur in clusters such as pl, tl, kl...
Grammar
Quasi-polysynthetic with big clitic complexes or verbs