Toki Ike

Historical phonology

s, ł > h
z > 0
l > ɭ
λ > l
ƛ/c ƛ'/c' > c c'
k kw > k, q qw > q
sp > p'
Consonant assimilations similar to Pali
mb nd ng > mm nn ŋŋ
h > ŋ
b d, etc > p' t' etc.
t > T then c > t

Finnishy subfamily

ay > ää
ey > ee
ew, oi > öö
iw, uy > üü
aw > åå
ow > oo

Numbers

kēma, rtingōr, nakkʼē, laupʼē, tarling, rtʼāma, rōrtʼē, loyrtʼē, pʼakkʼē, qʼeyōr

Phonology

Consonants

Perhaps most strikingly, most Kammalic languages have simple syllables and are devoid of fricatives or aspirates. The following is the consonant inventory of Proto-Kammalic:

Proto-Kammalic consonants

		Labial	Dental	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/	rn /ɳ/		ng /ŋ~ɴ/
Plosive	plain	p /p~b/	t /t~d/	rt /ʈ~ɖ/		k /k~g/	q /q~ɢ/
	ejective	pʼ /pʼ/	tʼ /tʼ/	rtʼ /ʈʼ/		kʼ /kʼ/	qʼ /qʼ/
Trill			r /r/
Approximant		w /w/	l /l/	rl /ɭ/	y /j/

Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /i/	ī /iː/			u /u/	ū /uː/
Close-mid	e /e~ə/	ē /eː/			o /o/	ō /oː/
Open			a /a/	ā /aː/

a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū ay aw ey ew iw oy ow uy ia ua āy āw ēy ēw īw ōy ōw ūy īa ūa

Composition

• Proto-Kammalic
  • Geminates > ejectives
    • Dholuomite: cemæ, tɪŋor, n̪æcè, læwpè, t̪æɹɪŋ, tɑ̀mæ, rotè, ɹɑjtè, pæ̀cè, kæ̀jor
    • Khmerization? Ejective shifting?
    • p p' > b p, Pseudo-Quechua
    • Ubykh parody:
      • Vowel changes: a e i o u > ca ja je cwa we; ā ē ī ō ū > ca: je ji cwe wu; ay aw ey ew iw oy ow uy ia ua > ce cwe ja wa ju cwe cwu wi je we; āy āw ēy ēw īw ōy ōw ūy īa ūa > ci: cwu: ji: ji: ju: cwi: cwu: wi: ja: wa:; a: > a, i: u: > i u
      • m mˁ mʷ mʷˁ n nˁ nʷ nʷˁ ɳ ɳˁ ɳʷ ɳʷˁ ŋ ŋʷ ɴ ɴʷ b bˁ bʷ bʷˁ d dˁ dʷ dʷˁ ɖ ɖˁ ɖʷ ɖʷˁ g gʷ ɢ ɢʷ p pˁ pʷ pʷˁ t tˁ tʷ tʷˁ ʈ ʈˁ ʈʷ ʈʷˁ k kʷ q qʷ qˁ qʷˁ pʼ pˁʼ pʷʼ pʷˁʼ tʼ tˁʼ tʷʼ tʷˁʼ ʈʼ ʈˁʼ ʈʷʼ ʈʷˁʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ qˁʼ qʷˁʼ ɓ ɓˁ ɓʷ ɓʷˁ ɗ ɗˁ ɗʷ ɗʷˁ ᶑ ᶑˁ ᶑʷ ᶑʷˁ ɠ ɠʷ ʛ ʛʷ w wˁ ɥ j jˁ r rˁ rʷ rʷˁ l lˁ lʷ lʷˁ ɭ ɭˁ ɭʷ ɭʷˁ a ə i u
    • Pseudo-Arabic
  • Both geminates and ejectives
    • Finno-Bantu
    • Primitive Terg pseudo-gib
      • Hmooby-Doo: geev /geːv/, dxij /g!iː/, nag /nag/, schlawb /ɬaub/, deuj /dəɨj/, txaav /!aːv/, rood /roːd/, lööd /løːd/, pag /pag/, qia /qia/
    • Ejectives > geminates
      • Hyper-minlang
      • Pseudo-Inuit
  • Pseudo-Tamil
  • Czechmate: zamńa, žŋir, ńaca, ľuba, ďaňeŋ, čomńa, ridža, ňedža, pľaca, ćijir
  • Talsmic-esque: Pyr Chilse's law followed by f > kw, sz > X > q, s > x > k; x, X > 0, k > q, q > qˁ
    • Kammalic^2: qëm, rtingör, näa, laukw, tarling, qäm, röq, loyq, kwäa, eyör
  • Kammalian: géma, rdingór, nakké, lawapé, darling, rtáma, rórté, rloyorté, pakké, qeyór
• a e i o u w ä ö ü aa ee ii oo uu ww ää öö üü ai aü au aw ia üa ua wa
• m hm n hn l hl r hr p ph np nph t th nt nth tr thr ntr nthr k kh nk nkh q qh nq nqh f nf y ny
• l can occur in clusters such as pl, tl, kl...

Grammar

Quasi-polysynthetic with big clitic complexes or verbs