Arjâm Vâks

Background

Arjâm Vâks ("speech of the Aryâsas") is an imagined name given to a language constructed by the notable Indo-Europeanist August Schleicher (1821-1868), which is most notable as the original language of the fable Avis Akvâsas ka ("The Sheep and the Horses").

Some justification must be made at the outset for including this language in an encyclopedia of constructed languages. It must be admitted that Schleicher had no intention of creating an artificial language; to the contrary, he believed that he was scientifically reconstructing the original Indo-European languages, ancestral to the languages on which his reconstruction was based. These were Sanskrit, Avestan ("Old Bactrian," in Schleicher's terminology), Greek, Latin, Oscan, Umbrian, Old Irish, Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian in Schleicher's terminology), Lithuanian, and Gothic. It will be observed that of the ten Indo-European branches for which records survive, only six are represented (Indo-Iranian, Hellenic, Italic, Celtic, Balto-Slavic, and Germanic). Hittite and Tocharian were entirely unknown to Schleicher. I am not sure why Armenian and Albanian were not considered; perhaps at the time their positions within the Indo-European family, and their distinctive characteristics, were too poorly known.

At any rate, it was not a deficiency of data that would render Schleicher's reconstruction utterly obsolete within a few decades of his death (the fatal blow would be dealt by the publication of Karl Brugmann's Grundriß, starting in 1886). It was, if anything, a deficiency of method. For Schleicher, though a keen observer and a systematizer of data, was much less scientific than he believed himself to be. His vision of an early Indo-European language, which took very definite form in his mind, reflected a belief that such a language must be phonologically far more simple than its descendant languages, and while morphologically complex, also much more regular than its descendant languages.

There were valid grounds for both beliefs, since some languages do gain phonological complexity and morphological irregularity over time; however, Schleicher may not have sufficiently considered examples in which the reverse is true. At any rate, current analyses of Proto-Indo-European show a language that is far more phonologically complex than Schleicher ever guessed, and one in which a great deal of morphological irregularity is present ab initio.

Schleicher's pursuit of an Indo-European ancestral language which fit his preconceptions required him to make many choices: which sounds to consider as subject to specific sound-laws, which to allow to be subject to random variation; which morphological variations to consider as original, and which to be regarded as falling away from an original symmetry of structure. In making these choices he was in part guided by adherence to the notion that Sanskrit and Avestan represented the most primitive recorded Indo-European languages; but he was even more guided by a very personal sense of linguistic æsthetics and elegance.

It is the manifestation of this sense which ultimately makes Schleicher's language more than just an erroneous byway on the path to a more strictly scientific reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European. It is, rather, an artistic endeavor, which is all the more remarkable for never being intended as such, and never perceived as such by its author.

Note on the name of the language

The name Arjâm Vâks appears nowhere in Schleicher's writings, though it is consistent in structure with his ideas about the language, which he simply called die indogermanische ursprache (the original Indo-European language). The use of the word Arya (Arja in Schleicher's spelling) as a name for a unified Indo-European people was popularized by Friedrich Max Müller. Schleicher himself may not have agreed with Müller's conclusions, as he uses the words arier and arisch solely in the sense of "Indo-Iranian"; nonetheless, no plausible alternative presents itself, and the name is very characteristic of the time period in which Schleicher created his language. The dismal racial baggage with which the name would ultimately be saddled did not arise until decades after Schleicher's death.

Phonology

Schleicher envisaged a very simple phonology for his language, with a small number of consonants and vowels. In his analysis of vowels he was largely guided by the structure of Proto-Indo-Iranian; for consonants he postulated an even simpler system, perhaps suggested by Greek.

Vowels

Schleicher's vowels show contrasts in height (±high) and backness (±back). There are also two series of short and long diphthongs based on the short vowels; a lengthened a is treated as a diphthong. The long a is written <â> in Schleicher's Compendium, and that usage is followed here, but it is <ā> in the first printing of Schleicher's fable.

There are three simple vowels, /i/ (+high, -back), /a/ (-high, +back), and /u/ (+high, +back), from which the short and long diphthongs are derived in two ascending grades, comparable to Sanskrit's guṇa and vṛddhi grades.

Simple vowel	First grade	Second grade
i	ai	âi
a	aa = â	âa = â
u	au	âu

Consonants

	Bilabial	Dental	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar
Nasal Stop	m	n
Voiceless stop	p	t			k
Voiced unaspirated stop	b	d			g
Voiced aspirated stop	bʱ <bh>	dʱ <dh>			ɡʱ <gh>
Fricative		s
Approximant	w <v>		ɻ <r>	j

Historical phonology

In terms of its phonology, Arjâm Vâks can be considered a descendant of Proto-Indo-European marked by the following sound changes:

Vowels

PIE *e, *a, *o > AV a.

PIE *o > AV â in certain contexts.

PIE *ē, *ā, *ō > AV â.

PIE *i, *ī > AV i.

PIE *u, *ū > AV u.

PIE *ey, *ay, *oy > AV ai.

PIE *oy > AV âi in certain contexts.

PIE *ew, *aw, *ow > AV au.

PIE *ow > AV âu in certain contexts.

PIE *ēy, *āy, *ōy > AV âi.

PIE *ēw, *āw, *ōw > AV âu.

PIE *ṛ, *ḷ > AV ar.

PIE *ḱṛd > AV kard, PIE *gʷṛrus > AV garus.

Consonants

PIE *ḱ, *k, *kʷ > AV k.

PIE *wḷkʷos > AV varkas.

PIE *ǵ, *g, *gʷ > AV g.

PIE *ǵh, *gh, *gʷh > AV gh.

PIE *l > AV r.

All PIE laryngeals are lost, with compensatory lengthening of a preceding *a, *e, or *o, but otherwise without trace.

Morphology

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

The personal pronouns are found in 1st person, 2nd person, and reflexive forms. (3rd person pronouns are supplied by demonstratives.) They are inflected in all cases except the vocative; the nominative is also lacking in the reflexive.

agam "I" tuam "you" svam "oneself"	Singular			Dual			Plural
	1st person	2nd person	Reflexive	1st person	2nd person	Reflexive	1st person	2nd person	Reflexive
Nom	agam	tuam	-				masmas	tvasmas	svasmas
Acc	mam	tvam	svam				masmams	tvasmams	svasmams
Inst
Dat	mabhjam	tubhjam	svabhjam				masmaibhjam	tvasmaibhjam	svasmaibhjam
Abl	mat, mamat	tvat	svat
Gen	mas, mamas	tvas, tvatvas	svas, svasvas
Loc	mai	tvai	svai				masmasva	tvasmasva	svasmasva

Demonstrative pronouns

Masculine

ta "that"	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nom	sa	tâs	tai
Acc	tam		tams
Inst	tâ, tabhi	tabhjâms	tabhis
Dat	tasmâi		taibhjams?
Abl	tasmât
Gen	tasja	tajaus	taisâm(s)?
Loc	tasmin?		taisva(s)?

Nouns

Nouns are declined for number (singular, dual, and plural and for case (nominative, accusative, ablative, genitive, locative, dative, two forms of instrumental, and vocative). They fall into several types:

Consonant stems

Masculine and feminine

vâk- f. "voice, speech"	Singular	Dual	Plural
Voc	vâk	vâkâs	vâkas
Nom	vâks
Acc	vâkam		vâkams
Inst	vâkâ, vâkbhi	vâkbhjâms	vâkbhis
Dat	vâkai		vâkbhjams
Abl	vâkat
Gen	vâkas	vâkaus	vâkâm
Loc	vâki		vâksva

Neuter

manas- n. "thought, mind"	Singular	Dual	Plural
Voc	manas	?	manasâ
Nom
Acc
Inst	manasâ, manasbhi	manasbhjâms	manasbhis
Dat	manasai		manasbhjams
Abl	manasat
Gen	manasas	manasaus	manasâm
Loc	manasi		manassva

Adjectives

bharant- a. "carrying"	Singular		Dual		Plural
	m.f.	n.	m.f.	n.	m.f.	n.
Voc	bharant	bharant	bharantâs	?	bharantas	bharantâ
Nom	bharants
Acc	bharantam				bharantams
Inst	bharantâ, bharantbhi		bharantbhjâms		bharantbhis
Dat	bharantai				bharantbhjams
Abl	bharantat
Gen	bharantas		bharantaus		bharantâm
Loc	bharanti				bharantsva

i- and u-stems

avis "sheep" sunus "son"	Singular		Dual		Plural
	i-	u-	i-	u-	i-	u-
Voc	avi (1868 avai)	sunu	avijâs	sunuvâs	avajas	sunavas
Nom	avis	sunus
Acc	avim	sunum			avims	sunums
Inst	avjâ, avibhi	sunvâ, sunibhi	avibhjâms	sunubhjâms	avibhis	sunubhis
Dat	avajai	sunavai			avibhjams	sunubhjams
Abl	avajat	sunavat
Gen	avajas	sunavas	avjaus	sunvaus	avjâm	sunvâm
Loc	avaji	sunavi			avisva	sunusva

Verbs

Primary endings
	Active		Mediopassive
	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.
1st	-mi	-mas	-mai	-madhai
2nd	-si	-tasi	-sai	-sdhvai
3rd	-ti	-anti	-tai	-antai

Athematic verbs

as- "be"
Primary endings
Present	Active
	sg.	pl.
1st	asmi	asmas
2nd	assi	astasi
3rd	asti	asanti
Conjunctive	sg.	pl.
1st	asâmi	asâmasi
2nd	asasi	asatasi
3rd	asati	asanti
Future	sg.	pl.
1st	assjâmi	assjâmasi
2nd	assjasi	assjatasi
3rd	assjati	assjanti
Secondary Endings
Imperfect	sg.	pl.
1st	âsm	âsmas
2nd	âss	âstas
3rd	âst	âsant
Optative	sg.	pl.
1st	asjâm	asjâmas
2nd	asjâs	asjâtas
3rd	asjât	asjânt
Optative Perfect	sg.	pl.
1st	âsjâm	âsjâmas
2nd	âsjâs	âsjâtas
3rd	âsjât	âsjânt
Other
Imperative	sg.	pl.
2nd	asdhi	astat
3rd	?	?
Perfect	sg.	pl.
1st	âsa	âsmasi
2nd	âsta	âstasi
3rd	âsa	âsanti

da- "give"
Primary endings
Present	Active		Mediopassive
	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.
1st	dadâmi	dadamasi	dadamai	dadamadhai
2nd	dadâsi	dadatasi	dadasai	dadasdhvai
3rd	dadâti	dadanti	dadatai	dadantai
Conjunctive	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.
1st	dadâmi	dadâmasi	dadâmai	dadâmadhai
2nd	dadâsi	dadâtasi	dadâsai	dadâsdhvai
3rd	dadâti	dadânti	dadâtai	dadântai
Future	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.
1st	dâsjâmi	dâsjâmasi	dâsjâmai	dâsjâmadhai
2nd	dâsjasi	dâsjatasi	dâsjasai	dâsjasdhvai
3rd	dâsjati	dâsjanti	dâsjatai	dâsjantai
Secondary Endings
Imperfect	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.
1st	adadâm	adadamas	adadama	adadamadha
2nd	adadâs	adadatas	adadasa	adadasdhva
3rd	adadât	adadant	adadata	adadanta
Optative	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.
1st	dadajâm	dadajâmas	dadajâma	dadajâmadha
2nd	dadajâs	dadajâtas	dadajâsa	dadajâsdhva
3rd	dadajât	dadajânt	dadajâta	dadajânta
Optative Perfect	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.
1st	dadâjâm	dadâjâmas	dadâjâma	dadâjâmadha
2nd	dadâjâs	dadâjâtas	dadâjâsa	dadâjâsdhva
3rd	dadâjât	dadâjânt	dadâjâta	dadâjânta
Aorist	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.
1st	adâm	adamas	adama	adamadha
2nd	adâs	adatas	adasa	adasdhva
3rd	adât	adant	adata	adanta
Other
Imperative	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.
2nd	dadadhi	dadatat	dadasva	dadasdhva
3rd	?	?	?	dadantâm
Perfect	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.
1st	dadâ	dadamasi	dadamai	dadamadhai
2nd	dadâta	dadatasi	dadasai	dadasdhvai
3rd	dadâ	dadanti	dadatai	dadantai

Thematic verbs

bhar- "carry, bear"
Primary endings
Present	Active		Mediopassive
	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.
1st	bharâmi	bharâmasi	bharâmai	bharâmadhai
2nd	bharasi	bharatasi	bharasai	bharasdhvai
3rd	bharati	bharanti	bharatai	bharantai
Conjunctive	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.
1st	bharâmi	bharâmasi	bharâmai	bharâmadhai
2nd	bharâsi	bharâtasi	bharâsai	bharâsdhvai
3rd	bharâti	bharânti	bharâtai	bharântai
Future	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.
1st	bharsjâmi	bharsjâmasi	bharsjâmai	bharsjâmadhai
2nd	bharsjasi	bharsjatasi	bharsjasai	bharsjasdhvai
3rd	bharsjati	bharsjanti	bharsjatai	bharsjantai
Secondary Endings
Imperfect	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.
1st	abharam	abharâmas	abharama	abharâmadha
2nd	abharas	abharatas	abharasa	abharasdhva
3rd	abharat	abharant	abharata	abharanta
Optative	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.
1st	bharaim	bharaimas	bharaima	bharaimadha
2nd	bharais	bharaitas	bharaisa	bharaisdhva
3rd	bharait	bharaint	bharaita	bharainta
Optative Perfect	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.
1st	babhârjâm	babhârjâmas	babhârjâma	babhârjâmadha
2nd	babhârjâs	babhârjâtas	babhârjâsa	babhârjâsdhva
3rd	babhârjât	babhârjânt	babhârjâta	babhârjânta
Aorist	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.
1st	abharsm	abharsmas	abharsma	abharsmadha
2nd	abharss	abharstas	abharssa	abharssdhva
3rd	abharst	abharsant	abharsta	abharsanta
Other
Imperative	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.
2nd	bharadhi	bharatat	bharasva	bharasdhva
3rd	?	?	?	bharantâm
Perfect	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.
1st	babhâra	babharmasi	babharmai	babharmadhai
2nd	babhârta	babhartasi	babharsai	babharsdhvai
3rd	babhâra	babharanti	babhartai	babharantai

Numbers

Cardinal

1. aina 2. dva 3. tri (f. tisar-) 4. katvar 5. kankan 6. saks (?) 7. saptan 8. akta, aktan 9. navan 10. dakan 11. ainam dakan 12. dvâ dakan 13. trajas dakan 14. katvar dakan 15. kankan dakan 16. saks dakan 17. saptan dakan 18. akta dakan 19. navan dakan 100 kantam

Ordinal

1st. prama 2nd. dvitja (?) 3rd. tritja 4th. katvarta 5th. kankanta, kankta 6th. saksta (?) 7th. saptama/saptata 8th. aktama 9th. navama/navanta 10. dakama/dakanta

Text

The only extant text in Schleicher's language, thus far, is his own composition of The Sheep and the Horses, which follows:

Avis akvâsas ka.
Avi-s	akva-asas	ka
Sheep-NOM.SG	horse-NOM.PL	and
"The sheep and the horses."

Avis, jasmin varnâ na â ast,
Avi-s,	ja-smin	varn-â	na	â	as-t,
Sheep-NOM.SG,	REL-LOC.SG.M	wool-NOM.SG	NEG	PST	be-3.SG.ACT,
"A sheep, on whom there was no wool,"

dadarka akvams,
da~dark-a	akva-ms,
PRF~see-3.SG.ACT	horse-ACC.PL,
"saw horses,"

tam, vâgham garum vaghantam,
ta-m,	vâgha-m	garu-m	vagh-ant-am,
DEM-ACC.SG.M,	vehicle-ACC.SG	heavy-ACC.SG.M	pull-PTCP.PRS-ACC.SG
"that one, pulling a heavy vehicle"

tam, bhâram magham, tam, manum âku bharantam.
ta-m,	bhâra-m	magha-m,	ta-m,	manu-m	âku-Ø	bhar-ant-am.
DEM-ACC.SG.M,	burden-ACC.SG	great ACC.SG.M,	DEM-ACC.SG.M,	man-ACC.SG	swift-ACC.SG.N	carry-PTCP.PRS-ACC.SG
"that one, [pulling] a great burden; that one, swiftly carrying a man."

Avis akvabhjams â vavakat:
avi-s	akva-bhjams	â	va~vaka-t
sheep-NOM.SG	horse-DAT.PL.	PST	AOR~say-3.SG.ACT
"the sheep said to the horses"

kard aghnutai mai vidanti manum akvams agantam.
kard-Ø	agh-nu-tai	ma-i	vid-ant-i	manu-m	akva-ms	ag-ant-am.
heart-NOM.SG	grieve-NU-3.SG.PRS.MED	1.SG-LOC	see-PTCP.PRS.-LOC.SG	man-ACC.SG	horse-ACC.PL	drive-PTCP.PRS-ACC.SG
"[my] heart grieves in me seeing a man driving horses."

Akvâsas â vavakant:
akva-asas	â	va~vak-ant
horse-NOM.PL	PST	AOR~say-3.PL.ACT
"The horses said:"

krudhi avai, kard aghnutai vividvant-svas:
kru-dhi	av-ai,	kard-Ø	agh-nu-tai	vi~vid-vant-svas:
hear-2.SG.IMP	sheep-VOC.SG	heart-NOM.SG	grieve-NU-3.SG.PRS.MED	PF~know-PTCP-LOC.PL
"listen, O sheep, [our] heart grieves in [us] having known:"

manus patis varnâm avisâms karnauti
manu-s	pati-s	varnâ-m	avi-sâms	kar-nau-ti
man-NOM.SG	master-NOM.SG	wool-ACC.SG	sheep-GEN.PL	make-NU-3.SG.PRS.ACT
"Man, the master, makes the wool of sheep"

svabhjam gharmam vastram
sva-bhjam	gharma-m	vastra-m
REFL-DAT.SG	warm-ACC.SG.N	garment-ACC.SG
"for himself [into] a warm garment"

avibhjams ka varnâ na asti.
avi-bhjams	ka	varn-â	na	as-ti
sheep-DAT.PL	and	wool-NOM.SG	NEG	be-3.SG.PRS.ACT
"and for the sheep there is no wool."

Tat kukruvants avis agram â bhugat.
Ta-t	ku~kru-vant-s	avi-s	agra-m	â	bhug-a-t
DEM-ACC.SG.N	PF~hear-PTCP-NOM.SG	sheep-NOM.SG	field-ACC.SG	PST	flee-A-3.SG.IPF.ACT
"having heard that, the sheep was fleeing to the field."

Glossary to the fable

• â augment prefixed to verbs indicating past tense (PIE *e)
• √ag- v. drive, force to go (PIE *H₂eǵ-)
• agam 1st person singular pronoun I, locative mai (PIE *eǵóH, *eǵHóm)
• √agh- v. be grieved, mourn (PIE *H₂egh-)
• agras n. field (PIE *H₂éǵros)
• âku- a. swift (as av., swiftly) (PIE *eH₃ḱú-)
• akvas n.m. horse (PIE *éḱwos)
• √as- v. be (PIE *H₁es-)
• avis n.m.f. sheep (PIE *H₃éwis)
• √bhar- v. carry (PIE *bher-)
• bhâras n.m. burden (PIE *bhorós)
• √bhug- v. bend; run away, escape (PIE *bhewg-)
• √dark- v. see (PIE *derḱ-)
• garu a. heavy (PIE *gʷṛrú-)
• gharma a. warm (PIE *gʷhṛmó-)
• jas, jâ, jat rel. pron. which (PIE *yos, *yeH₂, *yod)
• ka cj. and (suffixed to the word to be joined) (PIE *kʷe)
• √kar- v. make, do (PIE *kʷer-)
• kard n.n. heart (PIE *ḱēr, *ḱerd-)
• √kru- v. hear, listen (PIE *ḱlew-)
• magha a. great (PIE *meǵH₂-)
• manus n.m. man (PIE *mánus)
• na av. not (PIE *ne)
• patis n.m. lord (PIE *pótis)
• sa, sâ, tat dem. pron. that (PIE *so, *seH₂, *tod)
• sva a. (his, her, its, their own) (PIE *se-)
• √vagh- v. move, pull, carry (PIE *weǵh-)
• vâghas n.m. vehicle (PIE *woǵhós)
• √vak- v. say (PIE *wekʷ-)
• vastram n.n. garment, clothing (PIE *wéstrom)
• √vid- v. know (PIE *weid-)

References

Schleicher, August, Eine fabel in indogermanischer ursprache, Beiträge zur vergleichenden Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der arischen, celtischen und slawischen Sprachen, 5. Bd., 2. H. (1868), pp. 206-208