Eta-Talmic
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Proto-Talmic is a descendant of Proto-Quihum and the last common ancestor of all Talmic languages (including Thensarian, Tíogall, Nurian, Roshterian, ...). It was a fusional, head-initial language with a number system consisting of singulative, collective and plurative numbers.
Diachronics
Some sound changes from Proto-Quihum:
- Early rhotacization: lʼ, nʼ, yʼ > r
- Ejectives become voiced stops:
- cʼ z > z
- ƛʼ λ > ɮ
- qʼ qʷʼ > ɢ ɢʷ > ʁ ʁʷ
- xʷ > w word initially before a vowel
- ƛ > t
- Late rhotacization: z > r (s in unvoiced environments)
- lenition of p > φ
- Cluster simplifications
- tk, tq > rk, rq
Phonology
Consonants
| Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labial | Alveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Labiovelar | Uvular | Labiouvular | Glottal | ||
| Nasal | *m | *n | ||||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | *t | *k | *kʷ | *q | *qʷ | ||||
| voiced | *b | *d | *g | *gʷ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | *ɸ | *s | *ɬ | *h | |||||
| voiced | *ɮ | *ʁ | *ʁʷ | |||||||
| Resonant | *r | *l | *j | *w | ||||||
Vowels
a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū
Diphthongs:
ai ei oi ui əi aw ew iw ow əw
Thensarian reflexes
PTal reflexes in bold
- *a > o > o
- *ax̌, əx̌, ax̌ʷ > ā > ā
- *aʔ, əx̌ʷ > ō > ō
- *ə > e > e
- *i > i > i
- *u > u > u
- *ay > oi > ȳ
- *əy > ai > ae
- *iy > ei > ē
- *uy > ui > ui
- *iʔ, ix > ī > ī
- *aw > ow > ao
- *əw > ew > iō
- *iw > iw > iū
- *uʔ, ux, uxʷ > ū > ū
- *uw > ou > ao
- *Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ > Ca > Ca
- *Cxʷ > Co > Co
- *Cx > Cə > Cy
- *əʔ, əx, ix̌ > ē > ē
- *ux̌, x̌u > ō > ō
- *axʷ, ax̌ʷ > aw > ao
- *ixʷ, ix̌ʷ > ew > iō
- *ux̌ʷ > ō > ō
- *iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ > ija > iā
- *əyx̌, əyx̌ʷ > eja > eā
- *iy(ə)x > ije > iē
Morphology
Nouns and adjectives
Masculine nouns
Feminine nouns
| gʷondā 'body' | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singulative | Collective | Plurative | |
| Indefinite | gʷondā | gegʷondā | gʷondār |
| Definite | gʷondām | gegʷondām | gʷondās |
| Possessed forms of gʷondā - 'body' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Number→ State↓ |
Singulative | Plurative |
| Construct | gʷondat | gʷondāsat |
| 1sg possessor | gʷondan | gʷondasan |
| 2sg.m possessor | gʷondassi | gʷondasassi |
| 2sg.f possessor | gʷondassiu | gʷondasassiu |
| 3sg.m possessor | gʷondatiu | gʷondasiu |
| 3sg.f possessor | gʷondatī | gʷondasī |
| 3sg.n possessor | gʷondata | gʷondasa |
| 1exc possessor | gʷondasmə | gʷondasasmə |
| 1inc possessor | gʷondaswi | gʷondasaswi |
| 2pl possessor | gʷondaka | gʷondaseka |
| 3pl possessor | gʷondatōr | gʷondasōr |
Neuter nouns
| tektəs 'child' | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singulative | Collective | Plurative | |
| Indefinite | tektəs | tetektəs | tektəen |
| Definite | tektəes | tetektəes | tektəer |
| Possessed forms of tektəs - 'child' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Number→ State↓ |
Singulative | Plurative |
| Construct | tektət | tektəerət |
| 1sg possessor | tektən | tektəerən |
| 2sg.m possessor | tektəssi | tektəerəssi |
| 2sg.f possessor | tektəssiu | tektəerəssiu |
| 3sg.m possessor | tektiu | tektəeriu |
| 3sg.f possessor | tektī | tektəerī |
| 3sg.n possessor | tektəta | tektəerta |
| 1exc possessor | tektəsmo | tektəersmo |
| 1inc possessor | tektəswi | tektəerswi |
| 2pl possessor | tektəka | tektəerka |
| 3pl possessor | tektōr | tektəerōr |
| jenaqs 'water' (n.) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singulative | Collective | ||
| Indefinite | jenaqs | jenenaqs | |
| Definite | jenaqes | jenenaqes | |
| stuφs 'fire' (n.) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singulative | Collective | ||
| Indefinite | stuφs | stetuφs | |
| Definite | stuφes | stetuφes | |
Verbs
Object markers
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ni- | mē- |
| 1 + 2 | - | ɬē- |
| 2 | ti- | sē- |
| 3 | bi- | nē- |
TAM + subject markers
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Syntax
- *-is = emphatic particle