User:IlL/Spare pages 1/4
IlL/Spare pages 1/4 (natively an dûaigh Cùm /ʔan dˠûəj kʰūːm/) is a monosyllabic tonal language with an Irish aesthetic. Like Irish, it has initial consonant mutations.
Phonology
Phonotactics
The maximal syllable structure is C(r/l)VC. A syllable is not allowed to terminate in a short vowel except in some function words.
Allowed initial clusters (not counting mutations): pr tr cr br dr gr fr ngr spr str scr pl cl bl gl fl spl
Initials
| Labial | Alveolar | Velar | Laryngeal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| broad | slender | broad | slender | slender | broad | |||
| Nasal | voiceless | ʰmˠ | ʰmʲ | ʰn̪ˠ | ʰnʲ | ʰɲ | ʰŋ | |
| voiced | mˠ | mʲ | n̪ˠ | nʲ | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Stop /Affricate |
plain | pˠ | pʲ | t̪ˠ | tʲ | c | k | ʔ |
| tense | pˠ˭ | pʲ˭ | t̪ˠ˭ | tʲ˭ | c˭ | k˭ | ||
| voiced | bˠ | bʲ | d̪ˠ | dʲ | ɟ | g | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | fˠ | fʲ | sˠ | ɕ | ç | x | h |
| voiced | vˠ | vʲ | j | ɣ | ||||
| Trill | voiceless | ʰrˠ | ʰrʲ | |||||
| voiced | rˠ | rʲ | ||||||
| Lateral | voiceless | ʰl̪ˠ | ʰlʲ | |||||
| voiced | l̪ˠ | lʲ | ||||||
- /ʰm ʰn ʰŋ ʰl ʰr/ are written sm sn sng sl sr.
- /p˭ t˭ k˭/ are written sp st sc.
Vowels
/ˠa ˠɪ ˠɔ ˠʊ ˠaː ˠeː ˠiː ˠoː ˠuː ˠuə/ a oi/ui o u à aè aoì ò ù ua
/ʲa ʲi ʲaː ʲeː ʲiː ʲoː ʲuː ʲiə/ ea i eà è/èi aoì eò iù ia
Finals
The allowed finals are: /t k m n ŋ l r j w/ ⟨d g m n ng l r igh bh⟩. Final d g are unreleased stops [-t̚ -k̚]. Final l is velarized [ɫ].
Tones
IlL/Spare pages 1/4 has three phonemic tones: high, low, falling (á, à/unmarked, â). Only long vowels have tones.
| Tone | Example | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Short | gran (petal) | /gˠrˠan/ | |
| High | teó (stretch) | /tʲoː˥/ | |
| Low | lùm (mold) | /lˠuːm˨˩/ | May be slightly breathy voiced. |
| Falling | sêigh (dough) | /sʲeːj˥˩/ | |
Mutations
The following initials can undergo lenition or eclipsis:
| Grapheme | m | p | b | f | t | d | s | c | g | ∅ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | /m/ | /p/ | /b/ | /f/ | /t/ | /d/ | /s/ | /k/ | /g/ | /ʔ/ |
| Lenited | mh | ph | bh | fh | th | dh | sh | ch | gh | ∅ |
| IPA | /v/ | /f/ | /v/ | /h/ | /h/ | /ɣ/, /j/ | /h/ | /x/ | /ɣ/, /j/ | /ʔ/ |
| Eclipsed | - | bp | mb | bhf | dt | nd | '- | gc | n-g | n- |
| IPA | - | /b/ | /m/ | /v/ | /d/ | /n/ | - | /g/ | /ŋ/ | /n/ |
In addition, h-prothesis adds h- to the beginning of a word beginning with a vowel.
Morphology
Nouns
Compound words are head-final: seól-trù = 'agenda book' (lit. 'check-book', i.e. a book that one checks)
Attributive adjectives precede the noun and take the same mutation as the noun. Examples:
- an gò gaoì 'the tall tree' (nominative)
- an n-gò dtrù 'the long book' (nominative)
Indefinite mutations
Definite mutations
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Verb phrase
Verbs do not inflect for subject agreement or tense; however, preverbal tense/discourse/connective markers trigger mutations on the verb. Unusually, connectives come immediately after the verb.
Tense:
- present: no marker
- sèin = 'dies', eic /ʔɛk/ = 'buys'
- past: scuil + lenition
- scuil shèin = 'died', scuil eic = 'bought'
- future: ngê + h-prothesis
- ngê sèin = 'will die', ngê h-eic 'will buy'
- infinitive: go + lenition (from ge-)
- go shèin = 'to die'
Connectives:
- geár: 'when'
- daoìgh + eclipsis: 'because' (< AW deichen)
- spàl: 'but, however'
Derivational morphology
- ba- + lenition: verbalizer
- ba-thì: 'nasalize' < tì 'nose'
- go- + lenition (from ge-): nominalizer
- also cor-
- inn-: increments a verb's valency
- sar-: decrements a verb's velency
Phrases
- Thank you = Gôr-má thà gad!
Sample texts
UDHR, Article 1
- Scuil shéibh bî-bî na fà go thúa mâ dè bân chor-stuid thàn creó dè thàn chor-cing. Séibh mî go [endowed with reason and conscience], dè [they should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood].