User:IlL/Spare pages 1/2
Netagin (ärək Nätagin ) is one of the major languages of Verse:Tricin, native to the island nation of Ponetegu. It is a triconsonantal language loosely inspired by Hebrew and PIE.
This page describes Classical Netagin. See also Modern Netagin.
Some gib
Sound changes from ANtg
- a > a
- ā > å
- ay, i > e
- i > è in stressed syllables in construct state
- ī > i
- aw, u > o
- u > ò in stressed syllables in construct state
- ō > ö
- propretonic or pretonic short vowels reduce to ă (depending on state, part of speech)
- ū > u
Todo
- Get rid of gender
- Make the grammar as different from Hebrew as possible
- Get rid of Windermere words
Words
Swadesh list
Roots
- s-r-ć: to heed, to obey
- y-r-z: to hear
- ŋ-c: be in front
- w-s-g: similar
- n-þ-g: sing
- n-s-d: learn
- m-r: go
- w-x-s: love
- b-n-s: hide
- l-z-f: poke
- z-ħ-m: praise, honor
- ŋ-þ-w: new
- x-3-f: reason
- h-ŋ-c: empty, null
- ħ-d-x: warm
- c-ŋ-t: garden, horticulture
- g-m-z: letter, element
- ŋ-b-ś: compassion, sympathy
- f-ś-r: agree, blend
- n-b-ś: courage
- þ-f-x: know
- y-r-f: roll
- f-c-m: read
- l-x-r: write
- z-r-b: true, firm
- ś-d-l: half, split
- f-s-t: step, stage
- ʔ-b-l: mind
- w-t-f: die
- þ-ŋ-b: measure
- z-m-z-m: hesitate
- s-w-ħ: king, rule
- ħ-c-g: value
- ʔ-t-r: punish
- g-b-n: say
- k-l-k-l: tile
- b-s-ŋ: clan, family
- b-c-3: force, coerce
- r-ʔ-b: criticize
- f-s-k: beast
- k-l-d: agree
- z-l-n: comfort, solace
- ʔ-ś-þ: light, color
- y-d-ś: compare, similar, metaphor
- s-f-l: dear
- w-d-r: equal, same
- ħ-g-r: different
- m-g-þ: assign
- k-b-ć: shield, fortress
- k-z-r: hand over
- c-b-s: show, exhibit
- ħ-r-x: open
- þ-k-s: good, great
- ħ-n-b: use
- s-n-l: help
- f-þ-ʔ: proud
- s-f-n: bold
- x-r-r: young
- x-l-n: eternity
- l-n: come
- l-r-y: wait
- n-m-y: fall
- k-z-n: stop, settle
- b-r-c: speak
- ś-n-ħ: near
- ħ-t-r: swim
- ś-r-g: develop, evolve
- r-x-m: dwell
- ć-h-k: cold
- d-ħ-s: strong
- t-k: to sit on
- s-b-d: form, become
- ŋ-z-ʔ: pure
- d-ŋ-n: lowly, debased, humiliate
- ŋ-þ-ħ: stretch, deform
- r-ŋ-b: precious
- b-ħ-d: round
- z-n: grasp
- f-n-3: shine, radiate
- n-k-d: soft
- z-n-k: bite
- g-l-n: straight
Phonology
Consonants
Netagin has 22 root consonants:
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labiovelar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | tj /c/ | k /k/ | kw /kʷ/ |
| voiced | b /p~b/ | d /t~d/ | dj /c~ɟ/ | g /k~g/ | gw /gw/ | |
| Approximant | w /w/ | r /ɾ/, l /l/ | y /j/ | |||
- /ɾ/ is realized as [r] when geminated.
Lenition
A form of lenition occurs after vowels (even across word boundaries), but is not transliterated.
Vowels
a ă å è e i ò o ö u
Stress
In native words primary stress can only fall on the ultimate, or less commonly the penultimate syllable.
Processes
The obstruents /p t k tʰ kʰ f θ x/ are lenited to [b d g t k v ð ɣ] after a vowel and after voiced sounds (including lenited obstruents, and except /ɾ/). This is called ʔankadö in Netagin.
Morphologically, sequences /rC/ often turn into geminates, due to historical assimilation.
Orthography
Netagin is written in a native left-to-right abjad.
Consonants
Some of these letters are used as matres lectionis (usually where root consonant letters became treated as part of the vowel).
Vowels
Morphology
- See also: Netagin/Declension and Netagin/Gzarot
The Classical Netagin noun system is typical of "old" Talman languages: nouns, which have gender, inflect for number and state; verbs take both subject and object affixes and display changes according to their syntactic environment.
Netagin uses a consonantal root system like the Semitic languages. Most roots have three consonants but some may have two or four, the latter mostly in reduplicated or onomatopoeic roots.
Prepositions
Prepositions inflect for person as in Celtic and Semitic languages.
- ʔaŋ- = to, for
- să- = in, at
- ră- = with (comitative)
- xaŋ = for
- hid = towards
- faC- = from
- zo = on
- xed, xidd- = with (instrumental)
- feś, fiśś- = between, among
- derå = because of
- dön = around, about
- kel = over, above
- noc = in front of, before
- căþin = without
Nouns
Nouns are traditionally divided into two genders (masculine, feminine), but a four-gender analysis ({masculine, feminine} × {animate, inanimate}) is more common in modern linguistics. There is an inverse number suffix (one for each gender): animate nouns have an unmarked singulative and the inverse number suffix in the collective while inanimate and mass nouns have the inverse number suffix in the singulative and an unmarked collective.
There is also a construct state, which is often marked with stem changes.
Nouns have a definite article ʔes-.
Classical Netagin has also innovated a sex-based gender system with masculine and feminine genders:
- Ancient Netagin had an honorific distinction which required agreement in verbs and adjectives.
- In Late Ancient Netagin, the honorific developed into its own gender, often being used for big, sacred, specialized, or abstract things, in addition to people of high social status.
- The word for "lady", bī3ō, became the normal word for "woman" (like how Frau, formerly "lady", became the normal word for "woman" in German).
- Thus, the former honorific agreement (in the third person) analogized to all women and became the feminine gender.
This led to many "great", "majestic", "sacred" or "specialized" objects being feminine in Classical Netagin.
Example declensions:
| Singular | Plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| absolute | construct | absolute | construct | |
| Masculine, animate | xod | xod | xuddå | xuddå |
| Masculine, inanimate | yărefå | yirfå | yaref | yăref |
| Feminine, animate | ʔèlsö | ʔèlsön | ʔălåsöb | ʔèlsöb |
| Feminine, inanimate | tăʔennöb | tăʔennöb | tăʔennö | tăʔennön |
The demonstratives are ŋo 'this' and ri 'that'. With nouns, demonstratives may either precede or follow the noun but there's a difference in connotation. For example, "this bird" is either ʔes-xod ŋo or ŋo ʔes-xod, but the latter has the force of "this very bird".
Pronominal suffixes
Adjectives
Adjectives come after the noun and agree with nouns in gender and number [not in definiteness as in Semitic].
Declension
Nouns and adjectives have various mishkalim, or patterns, that have different declension paradigms.
Adjectives in -in decline as follows:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Masculine animate | năþågin | năþåginå |
| Masculine inanimate | năþåginå | năþågin |
| Feminine animate | năþågiyö | năþågiyöb |
| Feminine inanimate | năþågiyöb | năþågiyö |
Degree
Degree is indicated with affixes, as in European languages.
- -åm = "very"
"than": få
Pronouns
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ʔaxd | ʔaxxå |
| 2 | ʔan yarö (hon.) |
ʔannå yaröd (hon.) |
| 3 | heh (m) han (f) |
hènnå hannöd (f) |
Verbs
Binyanim
There are 12 binyanim, which tend to (but not always) have the following meanings:
- Binyan 1 verbs are verbs denoting intransitive actions ("come"), as well as stative verbs ("be cold") and some monotransitives. It is often considered the most basic form.
- Binyan 2 contains many monotransitive verbs, ("eat") including causativizations of Binyan 1 verbs ("make happy").
- Binyan 3 consists of verbs denote reflexive/reciprocal action ("get dressed", "kiss each other"), or change of state ("thicken").
- Binyan 4 contains causatives of transitive verbs ("feed") (and of some Binyan 2 and Binyan 3 verbs). Causatives of statives in the imperfective aspect may denote active maintenance of a state (as opposed to changing a state in the perfective aspect).
- Binyan 5 is roughly equivalent to the German prefix be- (applicative).
- Binyan 6 - telic, intensive
- Binyan 7 - telic
- Binyan 8 - "X a little, almost X"
- Binyan 9 - "X in advance, X for oneself" (from the middle voice)
- Binyan 10 - frequentative, "-le"
- Binyan 11 verbs tend to express gradual processes.
- Ex. ħădådex 'warm up (literally or romantically)'.
- Binyan 12 - "mis-X, over-X"
| Binyan | Imperfective | Perfective | Active Participle |
Passive Participle |
Verbnoun |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1å2a3 | -i12a3 | 1ö2e3 | 1e2o3 | 1å2e3, 1ă2i3 |
| 2 | 1a2ö3 | -a12u3 | 1å2i3 | 1å2u3 | 1å2å3 |
| 3 | ʔa12i13 | -å12e3 | bi11u2å3 | þi11u2å3 | ʔa12o3 |
| 4 | ʔa1å2e3 | -ă1e2u3 | ba12a3 | þa12å3 | ʔa12a3ö |
| 5 | þa12u3 | -uþ1å2e3 | buþ1å2o3 | þuþ1å2o3 | þa12ö3ö |
| 6 | ʔi1:å2a3 | -u1:e2o3 | bu1:e2o3 | þu1:e2o3 | ʔu1:å2e3 |
| 7 | ʔiþþă1å2o3 | -uþþă1å2e3 | buþþă1å2o3 | þuþþă1å2o3 | þiþþă1å2ī3 |
| 8 | ʔi21å2e3 | -i21e2o3 | bu21å2o3 | þu21å2o3 | ʔu21å2e3 |
| 9 | 1as2o3 | -u1is2o3 | bu1as2o3 | þu1as2o3 | þu1as2e3 |
| 10 | 1ă2å2a3 | -i12å2o3 | bu12å2o3 | þu12å2o3 | þu12å2e3 |
| 11 | 1ă2å2e3 | -i12e2o3 | bu12e2o3 | þu12e2o3 | þi12å2e3 |
| 12 | 1i31a2o3 | -i1i31e2o3 | bu1i31å2o3 | þu1i31å2o3 | 1i31å2e3 |
1 Shortens to e when a suffix is added.
Trigger
Every verb inflects for a trigger. When a trigger is used, focus shifts to the noun marked with the yi case marker.
The triggers are:
- agent
- patient
- locative
- instrumental
- ablative
- allative
- comitative
- benefactive
- malefactive
Affixes
|
|
|
|
Moods
ħatre = swim! (2sg)
ħatarnån = swim! (2pl)
ħatargun = swim! (polite, all numbers)
Ergative affixes
Ergative affixes are prefixes: they're placed before the subject prefixes if there are any.
Numbers
| n | nth | n each/at a time | n-fold; n-ad | 1/n | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | ħaŋic | băhåŋuc | - | - | - |
| 1 | böd | băhåbud | budbåd | halálédh | - |
| 2 | ħez | băħuz | ħuzħåz | gaḥáḥéz | géḥáz |
| 3 | tuŋ | bătuŋ | tuŋtåŋ | tzebhábhél | tzibál |
| 4 | mikåś | bămåkuś | măkuśkåś | meqháqhétz | miqátz |
| 5 | fazzim | băfåzum | făzumzåm | pezázémh | pizzámh |
| 6 | ʔaŋbån | băŋåbun | ŋăbunbån | lebhábhén | libán |
| 7 | kacăd | băkåcud | kăcudcåd | qetzátzédh | qittzádh |
| 8 | xolås | băxålus | xăluslås | ceˁáˁéš | céˁáš |
| 9 | riffuy | băråfuy | răfuyfå | rephápheh | ripeh |
| 10 | þabiŋ | băþåbuŋ | þăbiŋbåŋ | ḥacháchébh | ḥicábh |
| 11 | śǎdul | băśådul | śăduldål | - | - |
| 12 | zårux | băzårux | zăruxråx | - | - |
| 144 | gamån | băgåmun | gămunmån | - | - |
| 1728 | yeŋăs | băyåŋus | yăŋusŋås |
Derivational morphology
- 1a2ă3, 1e2ă3, 1o2ă3 = noun
- 1a2å3, 1a2ö3 = adjective, noun?
- 1a22u3 = adjective relating to personal qualities
- ta12u3 = noun
- ʔi12å3 = agent noun
- 1å2a3, 1å2e3 = noun
- 1ö2a3 = noun
- 1i2a3, 1i2i3, 1i2u3 = noun
- (stolen from hebrew) 1a2a3ö, 1a2i3ö, 1a2u3ö = nouns
- 1i22a3, 1u22a3
- 1a22e3 = desire for X
- -in = adjective suffix
- -åm = augmentative
- -id (f) = abstract noun, collective
Syntax
Classical Netagin uses Austronesian alignment.
Case markers
The two case markers are:
- ʔes = indirect case
- yi = direct case
Preverbs
When preverbs such as negation or subordinate conjunctions are used, the verb takes the "opposite" aspect of unpreceded verbs:
- låxx 'I come (imperfective)', så xalån 'I do not come (imperfective)', niþ xalån 'if I come (imperfective)'
- xalån 'I came (perfective)', så låxx 'I did not come (perfective)', niþ låxx 'if I came (perfective)'
Relative clauses
Netagin relative clauses often use the verbal noun instead of a finite verb (cf. the flavor of your choosing).
Sample texts
Tower of Babel
- Xad, să-rög ʔes-gåser böd băric da-yħenå bikå.
- then in-all DEF-world one language and word-PL same-PL.M
- Sem sa-fătinăhå ʔaŋ-þimmuś, kurac haroz yihå dă-hikzăʔå rån.
- but in-migrate-3PL to-east, plain 3.PFV-find ERG-3PL and-3.PFV-dwell-PL there.
- Dă-hibrăså, "ʔAce, 3ammå ʔaŋ-yăgåþ ogăn dă-ŋaþþilnån heh siħþåy." Dă-ʔemmad ʔu-fenuś huþħånăbå yis-yinnåk dă-ʔu-xåwde huþħånăbå yis-wăŋår.
Miscellaneous
Poetry
Netagin poetry is similar to Hebrew piyyutim in structure. They come in quantitative meters and tend to rhyme.
Meters:
- SLLL SLLL (hazaj)
- LLSLLL LLSLLL