Páuluòbeng
Báoluòveng (yi vBáoluòveng) is a minority language closely related to Qenian, but is distinct enough to be regarded as a separate language. It is inspired by Mandarin and English (particularly Received Pronunciation).
Todo
Glottal reinforcement mania
Final schwa > tone split
dr tr sr > zh ch sh; zhil, zhim, zhin, zhing > zhel, zhem, zhen, zheng
eħgeng, yi ħ-eħgeng; pl. eħgenger /əhˈkəŋ/ = mountain
dèi, yi dèi; pl. dèin /tɛ̂ɪ/ = valley
yi xüēid /ɕɥǿʏʔ/ = rose
mand /manʔ/ = to take
ted /təʔ/ = beautiful
dùn /tû:n/ = far
duāilig /ˈtwɑ́ɪljəʔ/ = to demand, to pester
yi mār /mɑ́:/ = tree
jiarm /t͡ɕɑ́:m/ 'heavy'
yi kaθer /ˈkʰaħə/ 'flower'
ái /ɑ̌ɪ/ 'gold'
neħdier /nəhtjə/ = chain
Phonology
More Mandarin than Qenian - be careful not to have linking R everywhere
Tones
Báoluòveng is a strongly pitch-accent language.
Three tones for long vowels:
- ā or a: mid level, relaxed
- á: rising
- à: falling
Consonants
p b f v t d c z s з /z/ q j x ξ /ʑ/ ch zh sh r /ɹ/ k g h γ /ɣ/ θ /ħ/ ħ /h/ m n ng l w y - stops are devoiced, as in Mandarin
- /tʂw tʂʰw ʂw ɹw/ do not labialize to /pf pfʰ f ʋ/
- Historical initial /f/ retained
- Broad /l/ is only dark in coda position
- h = /x/ θ = /ħ/, ħ = /h/
Vowels
Short vowels:
- a e ie i o u ü /a ə (j)ɛ (w)ɪ (w)ɔ (w)ə (ɥ)ʏ/
Diphthongs:
- ai ei uai ui iei üei /aɪ ɛɪ waɪ wɛɪ jɛɪ ɥøʏ/
- ao iao ou iu /aʊ jaʊ əʊ jəʊ/
- ì ù ǜ /(j)iː~(j)ɪj uː~ʊw (ɥ)yː~(ɥ)ʏɥ/
Long monophthongs (linking R /ɹ/ is used when a vowel follows):
- uor, uòr, uò, ur, ùr /(w)oː(ɹ)/
- (i)ar, (i)àr, (i)à /(j)ɑː(ɹ)/
- er, èr, eir /ɜː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ)/
- ir, ìr, ier, ièr /jɜː(ɹ)~jɛː(ɹ)/
- ür, ǜr /ɥɜː(ɹ)~ɥœː(ɹ)/
- uir /wɜː(ɹ)/
- air aor our /ajə(ɹ)~ɑː(ɹ), awə(ɹ)~aː(ɹ), əwə(ɹ)~ɜː(ɹ)/
- angr engr ingr (u)ongr ungr üngr /ɑ̃ː(ɹ) ɜ̃ː(ɹ) jɜ̃ː(ɹ) õː(ɹ) õː(ɹ) ɥɜ̃ː(ɹ)/
- e.g. liangr /ljɑ̃̀ː(ɹ)/ 'dream'
Unstressed vowels:
- e, final -er = /(j)ə(ɹ)/
- final -i = /ɪ/
- final -u = /ʊ/
Many grammatical endings are merged in Páuluòbeng.
Linking R
- Example of linking R: yi kaθer àrd [jɪ ˈkʰaħə ɹ‿ɑ̂ːʔ] 'the big flower' (cf. Qenian: ye kaħerr àrd [jə ˈkʰahər ʔɔɯt])
- No linking R: yi búd àrd [jɪ ˈpǔːʔ ɑ̂ːʔ] 'the big cave' (cf. Qenian: ye bùta àrd [jə ˈpuːtʰə ʔɔɯt])
Mutations
Báoluòveng has no eclipsis mutation, unlike Qenian. Lenition is similar to Qenian, except t lenites to θ /ħ/.
Grammar
Nouns
No case; everything merged to nominative
Genders: common and neuter
Verbs
Conjugated verbs; split-ergativity with -īn preterite