Páuluòbeng

Báoluòveng (yi vBáoluòveng) is a minority language closely related to Qenian, but is distinct enough to be regarded as a separate language. It is inspired by Mandarin and English (particularly Received Pronunciation).

Todo

Glottal reinforcement mania

Final schwa > tone split

dr tr sr > zh ch sh; zhil, zhim, zhin, zhing > zhel, zhem, zhen, zheng

eħgeng, yi ħ-eħgeng; pl. eħgenger /əhˈkəŋ/ = mountain

dèi, yi dèi; pl. dèin /tɛ̂ɪ/ = valley

yi xüēid /ɕɥǿʏʔ/ = rose

mand /manʔ/ = to take

ted /təʔ/ = beautiful

dùn /tû:n/ = far

duāilig /ˈtwɑ́ɪljəʔ/ = to demand, to pester

yi mār /mɑ́:/ = tree

jiarm /t͡ɕɑ́:m/ 'heavy'

yi kaθer /ˈkʰaħə/ 'flower'

ái /ɑ̌ɪ/ 'gold'

neħdier /nəhtjə/ = chain

Phonology

More Mandarin than Qenian - be careful not to have linking R everywhere

Tones

Báoluòveng is a strongly pitch-accent language.

Three tones for long vowels:

ā or a: mid level, relaxed
á: rising
à: falling

Consonants

p b f v t d c z s з /z/ q j x ξ /ʑ/ ch zh sh r /ɹ/ k g h γ /ɣ/ θ /ħ/ ħ /h/ m n ng l w y - stops are devoiced, as in Mandarin

/tʂw tʂʰw ʂw ɹw/ do not labialize to /pf pfʰ f ʋ/
Historical initial /f/ retained
Broad /l/ is only dark in coda position
h = /x/ θ = /ħ/, ħ = /h/

Vowels

Short vowels:

a e ie i o u ü /a ə (j)ɛ (w)ɪ (w)ɔ (w)ə (ɥ)ʏ/

Diphthongs:

ai ei uai ui iei üei /aɪ ɛɪ waɪ wɛɪ jɛɪ ɥøʏ/
ao iao ou iu /aʊ jaʊ əʊ jəʊ/
ì ù ǜ /(j)iː~(j)ɪj uː~ʊw (ɥ)yː~(ɥ)ʏɥ/

Long monophthongs (linking R /ɹ/ is used when a vowel follows):

uor, uòr, uò, ur, ùr /(w)oː(ɹ)/
(i)ar, (i)àr, (i)à /(j)ɑː(ɹ)/
er, èr, eir /ɜː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ)/
ir, ìr, ier, ièr /jɜː(ɹ)~jɛː(ɹ)/
ür, ǜr /ɥɜː(ɹ)~ɥœː(ɹ)/
uir /wɜː(ɹ)/
air aor our /ajə(ɹ)~ɑː(ɹ), awə(ɹ)~aː(ɹ), əwə(ɹ)~ɜː(ɹ)/
angr engr ingr (u)ongr ungr üngr /ɑ̃ː(ɹ) ɜ̃ː(ɹ) jɜ̃ː(ɹ) õː(ɹ) õː(ɹ) ɥɜ̃ː(ɹ)/
- e.g. liangr /ljɑ̃̀ː(ɹ)/ 'dream'

Unstressed vowels:

e, final -er = /(j)ə(ɹ)/
final -i = /ɪ/
final -ou = /əʊ/

Many grammatical endings are merged in Páuluòbeng.

Linking R

Example of linking R: yi kaθer àrd [jɪ ˈkʰaħə ɹ‿ɑ̂ːʔ] 'the big flower' (cf. Qenian: ye kaħerr àrd [jə ˈkʰahər ʔɔɯt])
No linking R: yi búd àrd [jɪ ˈpǔːʔ ɑ̂ːʔ] 'the big cave' (cf. Qenian: ye bùta àrd [jə ˈpuːtʰə ʔɔɯt])

Mutations

Báoluòveng has no eclipsis mutation, unlike Qenian. Lenition is similar to Qenian, except t lenites to θ /ħ/.

Grammar

Nouns

The Páuluòbeng noun system is much simpler than in Qenian: there is no case, and the masculine and the feminine merged to the common gender.

**Definite article**
singular		plural		collective
common	neuter	common	neuter	common	neuter
yi^L	yi	na	na^N	ba^L	ba

Verbs

Conjugated verbs; split-ergativity with -īn preterite